Sheldon Needed: Politics S. Wolin, in democracy (Oct. 1981), 43
West 61st St., New York, N.Y. 10023,
When Ronald Reagan ran for President, he pledged his commitment not only to traditional morality and patriotism but also to a particular set of economic theories. Since World War 11, economic viewpoints have increasingly prevailed in public policy-among liberals, influ- enced the likes of Lester Thurow's Zero Sum Society, and conserva- tives, versed in the Laffer curve and supply-side economics....

cutting back the percentage of cases personally handled judges.
Americans have always believed that justice must be safeguarded by individuals of unusual learning, wisdom, and integrity. Yet from 1940 to 1980, the number of appeals filed in federal courts jumped by 573 percent, from 3,446 to 23,200. Meanwhile, the number of judges grew by only 131 percent (from 57 to 132). The average judge's caseload has soared from 60 to 175 (or 525, counting the cases that members of the three-judge appeals...

Otis L. Graham, Jr., in
as Floundered The Center Magazine (Mar.-Apr. 1981),
P.O. Box 4068, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93103.
An automobile jerrybuilt with unmatched parts will break down sooner or later. Similar incongruities largely explain the decline of American liberalism, argues Graham, a University of North Carolina historian.
Nineteenth-century "liberals" were predominantly small business- men. Opposed to the encumbrances of mercantilism and resentful of the state's role, they talked...

key planning agencies (e.g., a national development bank, a national service program). And they must acknowledge the need for "social cohesion." Americans' physical and "genetic" health, selective curbs on immigration, and an emphasis on community and cultural bonds, Gra- ham insists, can be promoted individuals with a "progressive" outlook and not left to "ethnocentric conservatives."
A Political Voice "Business and the Media" by Kevin Phil-
lips,...

John A. Ham-
,. -"u,'aÃ? Not to Link
~1,7Ã?Â¥ ilton, in Foreign Policy (Fall 1981), P. 0. Box 984, Farmingdale, N.Y. 11737.
"Linkagew-giving a little here to get a little there-has appealed to President Reagan and his three immediate predecessors as a way to deal with the Soviets. Unfortunately, one chip they have put on the bar- gaining table-the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)-is unlinkable, writes Hamilton, a U.S. Foreign Service officer.
Successful...

Richard A. Harrison, in Diplomatic History (Summer
c h' 1981), Department of History, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt is generally portrayed scholars as a watchdog who couldn't bark much during the 1930s-an international-ist by inclination who was constrained by staunch isolationism at home. But Harrison, a Pomona College (Calif.) historian, writes that FDR once tried to organize a world peace conference where the democ- racies would unite...

William A. Flanagan, in Air University
Review (May-June 1981), Superintendentto Dogfight of Documents, Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D.C. 20402.
America's new jet fighters-the F-15, F-16, and A-10-have a lot in com-
mon: great speed, dazzling maneuverability, and a single-seat cockpit.
Flanagan, an Air Force major, argues that such heavy reliance on one-
man fighters is a big mistake.
In the first fighter planes of World War I, one man flew, and his part-
ner fired a machine...

a backseat partner.
fi"+,,...-the "The New England Soldier" John Fer- .^&. Jje ling, in American Quarterly (Spring 1981), c, ~~ Gf 76 303 College Hall, University of Pennsyl-z3pz7pli vania, Philadelphia, Pa. 19104; "Why Did
Colonial New Englanders Make Bad Sol- diers?" by F. W. Anderson, in The William and Mar\' Quarterly (July 1981), P.O. Box 220, Williamsburg, Va. 23185.
By the 1770s, many New England colonists were spoiling for a revolt that would rid Americans...

Charles Success Wolf, Jr., in International Security (Sum-
mer 1981), The MIT Press (Journals), 28
Carleton St.,Cambridge, Mass. 02142.
For more than 100 developing countries outside OPEC, prosperity seems as distant a goal as it was 30 years ago. Yet despite initial pov- erty and steep oil prices, a few Third World nations have engineered vigorous (eight-plus percent) sustained economic growth over the past decade. How did they do it? Wolf, chief economist at the Rand Corpora- tion, describes...

Lynn Zimmer and James H. Jacobs, in Industrial and Labor
~b/kStrikes Relations Review (July 1981), New York State School of Industrial and Labor Re-lations, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853.
On April 18, 1979, after contract negotiations broke down, 7,000 prison guards illegally walked off their jobs at 33 New York State institutions. The events of the strike reveal the limitations of collective bargaining, particularly in dealings with public employees, say Zimmer and Jacobs, a graduate...

Ronald Max Hart-
well, in The Cato Journal (Spring 1981),
PYTV England 747 Front St., San Francisco, Calif. 941 11.
Wars and the taxes that financed them struck many late 18th-century Englishmen and economists-as well as later historians-as drags on economic growth during the Industrial Revolution. In fact, contends Hartwell, an Oxford historian, the economic benefits of taxation and military spending outweighed their costs.
England's Industrial Revolution roughly coincided with the Napole-...

Martin Kilson. in The
Black Society Public ~ntekt(summer 1981), P.O. Box
542, Old Chelsea, New York, N.Y. 10011.
The decline of black family median income relative to white families1- from 62 percent in 1975 to 57 percent today-is widely taken as a sign that black economic progress has slowed. But Kilson, a Harvard politi- cal scientist, contends that this aggregate "lag" masks the emergence of two black classes-the "haves," an employed black majority who have "made it"...

religious orga- nizations, which enabled them to [reduce] those features of lower class life detrimental to upward social mobility." Poor blacks need the same "self-help." Neighborhood church youth programs, the Rev. Jesse Jack- son's efforts to stir black children's zeal for education (PUSH), and new "back-to-basics" black-run private schools-all represent promising ways to break the cycle of poverty.
,p?4 - "The Long Reach of 1914" Jane Ne-

1/~e~i&;~k\l:
 
-J w...

lations of New York, Boston, Chicago, and other Northern industrial cities. Fully 20 percent of American adults age 20 to 24 had been born abroad. Then, World War I and restrictive legislation dramatically slowed the influx. Today, the wave of pre-1914 immigrants accounts for the record growth in the number of "old old" Americans (age 75 and over).
The disappearance of the pre-1914 immigrants will move the elderly much closer to the mainstream of American life, writes Newitt. From 1970...

12.1
and 11.8 percent, respectively. In California during 1979, Baptist and
Episcopal schools both educated higher percentages of black students
(12.5 and 17 percent, respectively) than did public schools (10.1 per-
cent). And while 1975 U.S. Census data from the Northeast showed
public schools trailing private schools in their share of students drawn
from families earning $30,000 or more, the difference was surprisingly
small (10.4 versus 16.7 percent). As one researcher put it, America's...

media conglomerates such as the Rizzoli publishing house. Collectively, they have lured away one-third of the state network's viewers and prompted wholesale state programming changes this fall.
Meanwhile, local and regional cable outfits are sprouting all over Eu- rope. (Residents of Brussels may already choose from among 13 cable channels.) In three years, European broadcast satellites will be able to relay alternative programming to rooftop antennae. Eventually, they will give European viewers...

James A. Michcner, in US. News and World Report (May 4, 1981), P.O. Box 2624, Boulder, Colo. 80302.
How could her editors have printed it? How could they have pushed it for a Pulitzer Prize? How could the Pulitzer advisory board have hon- ored it? These questions have dogged journalists since April 15, 1981, when Washington Post reporter Janet Cooke resigned after admitting that she had fabricated her Pulitzer Prize-winning article on "Jimmy," an eight-year-old heroin addict. Michener,...

Ronald worki in, in~hiloso-
Equality uhv and Public Affairs (Summer and Fall
i 2
198 1, respectively), princeton University Press, P.O. Box 231, Princeton, N.J. 08540.
Efficiency, wealth, liberty-the free market has been hailed for promot- ing many worthy goals, but equality is not one of them. Yet Dworkin, an Oxford philosopher, maintains that a form of free market is needed to achieve a coherent, fair system for equally distributing resources.
Dworkin examines in detail the pros and cons...

John Dart, in Theology Today and the Tepee (July 198 l), Princeton Theological Semi-
nary, P.O. Box 29, Princeton, N.J. 08540.
Assailed missionaries, long stifled by "humanitarian" laws, and eroded by modern ideas, many of the North American Indians' reli- gious traditions have faded. A recent law, the American Indian Reli- gious Freedom Act of 1978, attempts to protect what survives.
Until the mid-20th century, Washington assumed that its duty was to "civilize and Christianize"...

licensing their profession. And many tribes whose own reli- gious rites have vanished with their old priests are now adopting the symbols of the Plains Indians-e.g., the sacred pipe and Sun Dance. Forty percent of all Indians are Christian, at least nominally. Many Protestant and Catholic church workers are trying to fit Indian rites into the framework of Christianity. Episcopalians, for instance, have accepted Navajo medicine men into their congregations and permitted them to offer prayers.
The...

Hero in the second
century B.C. But the
ancients had little
interest in finding
practical uses for
their scientific
knowledge.
cal projects or applying their knowledge only to tools of war (Archi- medes' catapults and cranes, for instance).
Moreover, the Greeks and Romans believed that honorable wealth came from the land. Men who made money by other means-trading or industry-invested their profits in land rather than "research and de- velopment." And farmers, who enjoyed...

a few individuals-the ones who make the major finds, get the research grants, and stay in the public limelight.
But some of the most important research into man's past has been taking place in laboratories, not in the field. X-rays of cross sections of bone can reveal areas of stress and strength and tell us much about our ancestors' physical activities and capabilities. Paleoneurologists such as Ralph Holloway of Columbia are analyzing casts of the insides of early skulls, hoping to determine...

the sun's pull at different points along the moon's path-takes 173.3 days to complete. This perturba- tion is in turn part of an 18.6 year "in-out" lunar oscillation perpendic- ular to the moon's orbit. England's chronically cloudy weather, argues EllegArd, would have prevented enough sightings to firmly establish the wobble's regularity. The region, although dryer and 2OC warmer 5,000 years ago, probably enjoyed only one clear day out of every two or three. Further, roughly one-third...

a virus but have been unable to isolate it.
If scientists do locate the Alzheimer virus, their task will have only just begun, notes Trubo. What will they do with it? The Creutzfeldt- Jakob virus, for example, does not trigger an immune reaction from the body-a prerequisite for manufacturing antigens.
"It could be that all of us are infected sometime during our lives" with Alzheimer's virus, suggests Dr. David Kingsburg, a virologist at the University of California, Irvine. Yet some...

John
Gribbin, in New Scientist (Apr. 7, 1981),
New Science Publications, Common-

and South
wealth House, 1-19 New Oxford St., Lon- don WC1, United Kingdom.
For years, scientists have warned of the so-called greenhouse effect- asserting that extensive burning of fossil fuels will dangerously in- crease heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, causing the Earth's climate to warm. Now, some have added a new twist. Climatol- ogists at the University of East Anglia, in England, contend that...

the release of tons of hot water into streams and ponds from U.S. government plutonium reactors near Aiken, S.C. Nuclear reactors have been changing the environment of the region since the early 1950s-for better and for worse.
Three of the plant's original five reactors are still operating, regularly releasing 158OF water into manmade reservoirs and nearnatural streams, tributaries of the Savannah River. Waters in one 166-acre pond often exceed 122'F when the reactors are running. Some creeks that...

Dwight Conquergood, in Literature in Perform-ance (Apr. 1981), Dept. of Speech Commu- nication, university of ~rizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.
Nowadays, the "strong, silent type" is often considered the ideal hero. Not so in England during the Dark Ages, writes Conquergood, a North- western University professor of English. There, boasting of courageous deeds was not only commonplace; it bound warriors to lives of heroic sacrifice.
Modern critics (including J.R.R. Tolkien) have dismissed...

elaborately recounting noble lineages and past heroics. ("I came from battle [where I] destroyed a race of giants," declared Beowulf.) Brandishing of weapons and other theatrical gestures added emphasis. Yet, Conquergood argues, boasts were "future-oriented." "I did" was invariably followed "I must continue to do." And boasts were made only in preparation for crises, never after them.
The audience played a key role in boasting. To win praise and accept- ance,...

Jean-Baptiste Reg- nault-in which a tormented son must choose between rescuing his father or his wife and son-presents a rationale for abandoning tradi- tional authority. And, in Jacques-Louis David's Brutus (1789), the Roman leader is shown being forced to execute his traitorous sons, rendered powerless before a genderless abstraction-the state.
Made anxious reformist rumblings, Louis XV and Louis XVI hoped that these classical representations would inspire patriotism and reinforce the monarchy's...

Jim Brooke, in Foreign Policy (Fall 1981), P.O. Box 984, Farmingdale, N.Y 1 1737.
With 119 million people, Brazil is the fifth-largest nation on earth. It has the world's eighth-largest gross national product ($200 billion, up 100 percent since 1970) and ranks as the sixth-largest weapons exporter ($1 billion in 1980), selling light tanks and small missiles. Its modern factories churn out computers for China and turboprop planes for the Ivory Coast. According to Brooke, a Washington Post correspondent,...

John D. Stephens, in Com-

 
parative Political Studies (July 1981), 275

 
South Beverly Dr., Beverly Hills, Calif.

 
90212.

In 1976, after 44 years in power, Sweden's Social Democratic Party (SDP) lost to a Central Party coalition-a loss that was narrowly re- peated in 1979.Some scholars suggest that growing affluence has made conservatives of Sweden's blue-collar class, the traditional mainstay of the SDP. It is true that th...

John D. Stephens, in Com-

 
parative Political Studies (July 1981), 275

 
South Beverly Dr., Beverly Hills, Calif.

 
90212.

In 1976, after 44 years in power, Sweden's Social Democratic Party (SDP) lost to a Central Party coalition-a loss that was narrowly re- peated in 1979.Some scholars suggest that growing affluence has made conservatives of Sweden's blue-collar class, the traditional mainstay of the SDP. It is true that th...

1939, Hitler's massive war preparations had created one million new jobs. Employers found themselves at the mercy of laborers, who began changing jobs, on average, once every 12 months. Many employees were simply exploiting their new market value for better pay and benefits. But workers also resented the con- stant harassment from bosses under pressure to meet ambitious Nazi production targets.
Despite police intimidation, strikes became common in Germany after 1935. Nazi archives reveal 192 strikes...

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