elaborately recounting noble lineages and past heroics. ("I came from battle [where I] destroyed a race of giants," declared Beowulf.) Brandishing of weapons and other theatrical gestures added emphasis. Yet, Conquergood argues, boasts were "future-oriented." "I did" was invariably followed "I must continue to do." And boasts were made only in preparation for crises, never after them.
The audience played a key role in boasting. To win praise and accept- ance,...