and the Thesis of Partv Decline" bv Cor-
nelius P. Cotter and john F. ~ibb~,
in Political Science Quarterly (Spring 1980), Ste. 500, 619 West 114 St., New York,
N.Y. 10025.
Though the Democratic and Republican parties appeal to a lower per- centage of voters than in the past, they have, on the national level, become increasingly sophisticated bureaucracies -putting a tighter rein on state and local parties and providing more services to commu- nity loyalists than ever before. So write...

recent federal election laws, persuade a decreasing propor-tion of the voters to identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans.
When Do Voters "Time of Decision and Media Use During the Ford-Carter Campaign" Steven H.
Really Decide? Chaffee and Sun Yuel Choe, in Public Opinion Quarterly (Spring 1980), Sub-scription Dept., Elsevier North Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y.
10017.
Are autumn presidential campaigns a waste of time for voters and candidates? Since the 1940s,...

Bernard J. Frieden, in The Public Interest (Spring 1980) Box 542, Old Chelsea, New York, N.Y. 1001 1.
Providing the poor with good quality housing has been a high priority of the federal government since the New Deal era. But a recent federal experiment suggests that low-income people are troubled most high rents. So reports Frieden, a professor of urban studies at MIT.
Beginning in 1973, the Department of Housing and Urban Develop- ment offered cash payments averaging $75 a month to poor tenants...

James L. Payne, in Polity (Spring

 
1980), Northwestern Political Science As-

 
sociation, Whitmore Hall, Amherst, Mass.

 
01003.

In Congress, there are "show horses" who neglect their legislative duties in their quest for publicity and "work horses" who quietly but effectively pass bills and attend committee meetings. That is the con- clusion of Payne, a Texas A & M political scientist.
Taking 55 membe...

James L. Payne, in Polity (Spring

 
1980), Northwestern Political Science As-

 
sociation, Whitmore Hall, Amherst, Mass.

 
01003.

In Congress, there are "show horses" who neglect their legislative duties in their quest for publicity and "work horses" who quietly but effectively pass bills and attend committee meetings. That is the con- clusion of Payne, a Texas A & M political scientist.
Taking 55 membe...

extension, modern industrial states. Winner suggests that this may be true where nuclear power is concerned. "Soft energy" advocates, on the other hand, contend that solar energy is more compatible with democ- racy: It can be produced economically in small, independent cells, eas- ily constructed from household materials.

FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
"Carter and the Fall of the Shah: The In-

The Indecisive
side Story" bv Michael A. Ledeen and Monarch William H. ~ewis, in...

American diplomats, he leaned heavily on the United States for support and guidance. In late 1978, faced with incipient rebellion and debilitated anticancer drugs, the Shah waffled between violent repression and conciliation. He turned to Washington for direction.
The Carter administration, say the authors, gave him conflicting signals. National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski urged the Shah to maintain control at any cost. Cyrus Vance's State Department be- lieved the Shah was doomed and...

Capt. Earl H. Tilford, Jr.,&en Giants in Air University Review (Jan.-Feb. 19801,
Superintendent of Documents, Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.
Rescuing downed pilots in Indochina strained the U.S. Air Force's helicopter capabilities to the limit. But the "chopper" force-previ- ously used to fly mercy missions in the United States and pluck as- tronauts from the sea-came through with flying colors.
From 196 1 until 1964, the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service...

J. Robert Schaetzel and H. B. Malmgren, in Foreign Policy of Power (Summer 1980), P.O. Box 984, Farrning- dale. N.Y. 11737.
International summit meetings, which became increasingly popular among Prime Ministers and Presidents in the 1970s, create more prob- lems than they solve, write Schaetzel, a former U.S. Ambassador to the European Economic Community, and Malmgren, former U.S. Deputy Trade Representative.
Since 1976, heads of state from West Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Canada, Great Britain,...

Don Wright, Miami New;, NYTSpecial Features.
Don Wright portrayed the July 1977 economic summit of the "Big Seven" Western powers-held in London-as all talk and no action.
attention and cooperative efforts" through truly international ar-rangements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the International Monetary Fund, write Schaetzel and Malmgren. A handful of government heads, meeting intermittently, cannot hope to control world events.

ECONOMICS, LABOR &...

Mary A. Yeager, in The Journal of Economic History (Mar. 1980), Eleutherian Mills

 
Historical Library, P.O. Box 3630, Wil-

 
mington, Del. 19807.

Trade protection is commonly viewed as a crutch that governments occasionally hand to faltering domestic industries. Yeager, a UCLA his- torian, argues that tariffs and import quotas have supported the world's steel industries for so long that protection itself has become a key ingredient in steelmaking...

Mary A. Yeager, in The Journal of Economic History (Mar. 1980), Eleutherian Mills

 
Historical Library, P.O. Box 3630, Wil-

 
mington, Del. 19807.

Trade protection is commonly viewed as a crutch that governments occasionally hand to faltering domestic industries. Yeager, a UCLA his- torian, argues that tariffs and import quotas have supported the world's steel industries for so long that protection itself has become a key ingredient in steelmaking...

PERIODICALS
ECONOMICS. LABOR & BUSINESS
from economic hardship. Far from expecting ever higher living stan- dards, most 19th-century Americans worried about recurrent economic depressions. Since the Great Depression of the 1930s, however, federal social programs and fiscal policy have put "floors" under most eco- nomic activity. Social Security, unemployment compensation, parity payments to farmers, federally insured bank deposits, and public works programs provide "a degre...

jected Anglo-Saxon surnames into Celtic areas of the British Isles but
left Celtic cultures intact.
According to the McDonalds' new estimate, which takes into account
the ethnic traditions of immigrant Americans as well as "bloodlines,"
less than half the population south of Pennsylvania was Anglo-Saxon.
(Unreliable figures from several states make accurate new nation-wide
estimates impossible.)
Where Barker and Hansen classified 64.5 percent of Marylanders as
Anglo-Saxon, the...

Reeve D. Vanneman, in American Journal Differences of Sociology (Jan. 1980), University of Chicago Press, 5801 Ellis Ave., Chicago,
111. 60637,
With their egalitarian traditions, Americans have always seemed less "class-conscious" than Europeans. Yet a survey of 9,371 British and American voters analyzed Vanneman, a University of Maryland so- ciologist, suggests that social class may be slightly more sharply de- fined by Americans than by Britons.
Sixty-eight percent of Americans surveyed...

crime, a doubling of crime coverage made crime twice as likely to be ranked as a major issue. Similarly, while families with members out of work were extremely sensitive to increased coverage of unemployment rates, opinion in families un- touched the problems held fairly constant.
Media coverage may affect people's notions of "what is important," to some degree. But the public's perceptions are more than a simple reflection of the front page.
"All the News That's Fit to Compute"...

Elliot S. Schreiber and
Douglas A. Boyd, in Journal of Communi- the Elderly cation (Winter 1980), P.O. Box 13358, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101.
The elderly are not only a large (1 1 percent) and growing part of the
U.S. population-but they watch more television than any other age group, according to the Nielsen ratings. Schreiber and Boyd, com- munications specialists at the University of Delaware, Newark, report that income, education, and age are good predictors of senior citizens' TV viewing habits.
The...

Elliot S. Schreiber and
Douglas A. Boyd, in Journal of Communi- the Elderly cation (Winter 1980), P.O. Box 13358, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101.
The elderly are not only a large (1 1 percent) and growing part of the
U.S. population-but they watch more television than any other age group, according to the Nielsen ratings. Schreiber and Boyd, com- munications specialists at the University of Delaware, Newark, report that income, education, and age are good predictors of senior citizens' TV viewing habits.
The...

PERIODICALS
RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
subjects had to perform to create a just society.] Yet most scholars are convinced that he thought of man as being naturally good. Their belief is based on the claims of Mencius, a 4th Century B.C. Chinese philoso- pher, and on debatable interpretations of Confucius's own ambiguous sayings, asserts Hwang, a professor of philosophy at Duksung Women's College in South Korea.
For thousands of years, Chinese philosophers took Mencius at his word when he procl...

encouraging abstention from sex. Priests would have to "practice what they preached." Siricius only decreed continence. But Callam contends that his ruling paved the way for the requirement of universal clerical celibacy in the 12th century.
Life or Death? "Brain Death and Personal Identity" Michael B. Green and Daniel Wikler, in Philosophy and Public Affairs (winter 1980), Princeton University Press, P.O. Box 231, Princeton, N.J. 08540.
When does a human being truly die? The...

an artificial aid which performed its function."
Most "moralist" philosophers who support a brain-death definition do so on a different basis. Human beings, they contend, distinguish the dead from the living not only analyzing vital signs but by reasses- sing their obligations toward them. Upper-brain "deathn-when a per- son "has no capacity for happiness, has no interestsw-justifies such a reassessment. The flaw in this argument, note Green and Wikler, is that it maintains...

the first photosynthesizers-the earliest ancestors of modern plants. For hundreds of millions of years these proto-plants released enough oxy- gen to transform Earth's atmosphere. Some bacteria "learned" how to both photosynthesize and respire.
But some microbes known as purple bacteria only developed re- spiratory systems. In a low-oxygen environment they might have died out. Atmospheric changes eventually made the dual system redundant. The respirers thrived and probably evolved into...

the likes of Kepler, Huygens, Wilkins, and, in the 18th century, German philosopher Immanuel Kant completed the intellectual revo- lution begun by Copernicus. These thinkers helped to free scientists of their preoccupation with the "closed world" of Earth and roused their curiosity about the larger universe.
"Ocean's Hot Springs Stir Scientific Ex- Natuye's ufldeysea citement" by Mitch Waldrop, in Chemical Laboratories and Engineering News (Mar. 10, 19801,
Membership and Subscription...

W. K.
Estes, in American Scientist (Jan.-Feb.
1980), 345 Whitney Ave., New Haven,
Conn. 0651 1.
Able to store millions of bits of data and retrieve them in microseconds, computers put human "short-term memoryw-which handles new in- formation and problem-solving-to shame. Technological advances are bound to make small computers as common as typewriters. Will hu- mans soon be able to leave all short-term memory tasks to electronics?
No, says Estes, a Harvard psychologist. Granted, short-term...

W. K.
Estes, in American Scientist (Jan.-Feb.
1980), 345 Whitney Ave., New Haven,
Conn. 0651 1.
Able to store millions of bits of data and retrieve them in microseconds, computers put human "short-term memoryw-which handles new in- formation and problem-solving-to shame. Technological advances are bound to make small computers as common as typewriters. Will hu- mans soon be able to leave all short-term memory tasks to electronics?
No, says Estes, a Harvard psychologist. Granted, short-term...

a University of Hawaii astronomer con- firm the cosmological origin of quasars, reports Maran, a NASA staff scientist.
Astronomers had previously devised a theoretical "proof" of quasars' cosmological origins, pegged to the accepted belief that the red shift of galaxies resulted from the universe's expansion. If it could be deter- mined that quasars characteristically occurred within the remotest, faintly visible groups of galaxies and displayed similar red shifts, then the common origin...

70 million people annually. But between 1950 and 1970, the annual increase grew from 43 million to 73 million.
The "fertility transition" underway today in Latin America, Asia, and Africa is much more rapid than that of 18th- and 19th-century Europe. China's birthrate, for example, fell from 40 per thousand persons to 26 in less than 30 years (1950-77). Since 1970, birthrates have fallen even faster in the rest of the Third World.
The new figures show that the population growth-rate...

fellow virtuosos. Beethoven's string quartets were simply too difficult for most amateur musicians, as were Schubert's songs. Both musicians, however, were acclaimed experts as geniuses. Their works were widely performed by professional musicians.
The myths of the rejection of Wolfgang Mozart (1756-91) may be the most persistent, says Lenneberg. Despite mountains of contrary evi- dence, scholars still view the prolific Austrian prodigy as poor and unappreciated by Viennese society. His poverty,...

starting with the corrupt text and moving backward. Most editions of the novel are shot through with more than 6,000 typographical errors. In 1977, Hans Walter ~abler, the general editor of a planned "Critical Edi- tion" of Joyce's works, turned to a computer in Munich for help.
Gabler fed the computer every known manuscript, author's change, and early edition of the novel. The computer compared these texts and provided a group of British and American Joyce scholars with a master list...

L
A Matter "Iran's Foreign Devils" Roy Parviz Mottahedeh, in Foreign Policy (Spring of Revenge 1980), P.O. BOX 984, Farmingdale, N.Y.
11737.
By supporting the seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and many Iranians have put nationalist sentiments ahead of true fealty to Islamic teachings. This reflects the Iranians' powerful xenophobic urge to avenge long years of alleged foreign dom- ination, writes Mottahedeh, who teaches Islamic history at Princeton.
Islam's...

1975, Mottahedeh writes, many Iranians believed that all 85,000 Americans assisting the Shah's army and economic development had "some standing that made them a community not fully subject to Iranian law."
Khomeini's anti-Americanism intensified in exile. Since the Shah's overthrow it has shaped Iran's treatment of U.S. citizens. In May 1979, all special American privileges were revoked the Revolutionary Council. But US. diplomats still enjoyed immunity. Last October 28, Khomeini told...

Louise Shelley, in American Sociologi- ca~eview(Feb. i980), Dept. of ~ociology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. 61801.
What is the crime capital of the Soviet Union? Surprisingly, it is not Moscow-nor Leningrad-but the much smaller port city of Vladivos- tok, in the Eastern Maritime region. According to Shelley, an American University sociologist, strict Soviet controls have not wiped out crime but shifted lawbreakers and crime-prone elements of the population to the USSR's small eastern and...

two-thirds in 10 years-and found that its crime rate grew even more quickly. The USSR's three largest cities (Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev), contrast, enjoy crime rates far below those of the smaller Soviet cities. Thus, thanks to government policy, the geography of Soviet crime differs markedly from that of other industrialized countries.
Workers of the "Migration and Development: The Changing Perspective of the Poor Arab Persian Gulf Countries" by J. S. Birks and C. A.
Sinclair, in...

W. A.
Expanded Richards, in Journal of African History (Jan. 1980), Cambridge University Press, 32 East 57th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
Shipments of European firearms to native kingdoms revolutionized warfare in 17th- and 18th-century West Africa. They also fueled a great expansion of the slave trade, writes Richards, a historian at Britain's North Worcestershire College.
For several centuries, various West African rulers served as local "agents" for European slavers, selling the captives...

sudden volleys of gunfire." Moreover, flintlocks loaded with buckshot could fell foes-and potential slaves-without fatal injury, unlike earlier muskets capable of firing only the more lethal single ball.
These cheap weapons made slaving so profitable for West Africans that warfare became a way of life. Moreover, the insatiable demand of new Dutch and English plantations in the Americas for slave labor boosted the price of human exports. In some regions of West Africa, slave prices tripled...

6. Occupation, 1945
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