the 18th century, com- monplace among the bourgeoisie of northern Europe. Change came later to the lower classes.
The exploitation of child labor dur- ing the Industrial Revolution was, suggests Aries, an anachronistic con- tinuation of medieva practice.
 
Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Carl Degler picks up the story in the mid- 18th century, where Aries leaves off, and brings it to this side of the Atlantic in At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolu- tion to the Present...