Richard L. Lucier, in Public ~dminishation Review (July-Aug. 1979), 1225 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
The much-publicized citizens' "tax revolt" of 1978 didn't really hap- pen.
Proposition 13, the property tax relief measure passed Califor- nians in June 1978, was widely heralded by economists and politicians as the opening shot of a middle-class antigovernment, antitax move- ment. Indeed, proposals to limit taxes and/or government spending appeared on ballots in 13...

IODICALS

POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
property taxes were approved in Alabama, Massachusetts, and Mis- souri.
In several states, Lucier says, voters were more interested in control- ling the growth of state spending than in rolling back county or city taxes. Constitutional amendments approved in Hawaii, Arizona, Michigan, and Texas tied state spending increases to expansion of the state's economy or personal income.
Lucier's conclusion: Voters are concerned about rising state spending and taxes. H...

switching to water-based asphalt, thus allowing construction of an oil refinery in Portsmouth.
Performance standards also leave industries free to reach regulatory goals in their own way. The Occupational Safety and Health Adminis- tration last year dropped 900 specific workplace regulations and re- placed them with broad standards.
Information approaches are used the Federal Trade Commission and other agencies; the idea is that if consumers are given enough information about a product (e.g.,...

a strike in 1952. The Supreme Court overturned the action (in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) on the grounds that Truman acted without required congressional sanction. Later, President Nixon declared national emergencies to thwart a postal strike in 1970 and to impose import quotas during a 197 1 "international monetary crisis."
Roused administration mismanagement of the Vietnam War and by Watergate, Congress sought to regain some of its lost authority in 1973. A Senate subcommittee...

Richard L. Cole and David A. Caputo, in The American Politi- cal Science Review (June 1979), 1527 New Hampshire Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
Richard Nixon, more than any other recent U.S. President, tried to strengthen White House influence over the federal bureaucracy manipulating Civil Service hiring and firing practices.
When a Democratic Congress balked at Nixon's "new federalism" programs-e.g., general revenue sharing and welfare reform-during his first term (1969-73), the...

1976, the proportion of high-level civil servants listing themselves as Republican was only 16 percent-with self-styled Democrats at 38 percent and Independents at 46 percent.
Nonetheless, in that year, a majority (60 percent) of all top federal managers surveyed favored the administration's New Federalism phi- losophy. "A considerable reservoir of potential presidential support,' the authors conclude, exists among "independent" civil servants who are generally willing to accommodate...

Moscow to drill for Sibe- rian oil could prove a thankless task for the United States, says Cobb. Americans should not place too much faith in the Kremlin's promises of future oil in return. Yet, he observes, U.S. "economic influence" in the form of technical aid for Russian energy programs could yield diplo- matic advantages. Washington should resist the temptation to apply economic leverage blatantly (e.g., freedom for Jewish dissidents in ex- change for oil drills). But economic pressure...

Lucian W. Pye, in Interna-for China? tional Security (Summer 1979), The MIT
Press (Journals), 28 Carleton St., Cam- bridge, Mass. 02142.
Since their break with Moscow in the early 1960s, the communist Chinese have been practicing "Chicken Little" diplomacy, writes Pye, a political scientist at MIT.
They have issued shrill warnings regarding Soviet intentions, charg- ing, in effect, "that NATO is about to be tested and is likely to be found wanting, that Japan should prepare more...

IODICALS

FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
Chairman Hua Guofeng has placed "modernization" of the military among Peking's four top goals (together with modernization of agricul- ture, industry, and science and technology). But to procure even a "rudimentary defense capability" Peking would have to invest the im- possibly high sum of $10 billion a year for several years. The Chinese army, Pye writes, still relies primarily on 1950s-era hardware; the air force, equipped with aging S...

both civilian and military advisers, recently declassified government records show that the reasons for their support differed greatly.
As early as December 1945, intelligence reports to the Joint Chiefs of Staff indicated that U.S. conventional forces, rapidly demobilized after World War 11, were barely strong enough to defend the Western Hemi- sphere, even as they occupied Japan and West Germany. Soviet troops, however, were judged capable of taking most of Western Europe, the Persian Gulf, Korea,...

Robert A. Ells~vorth, in the JOCLI-I~~of1l4uriiitize Lmt~ (ii?d Coii7- iiiuce (July 19791, Jcfferso~i Law Book

 
Co., P.0, Box
1936, Cincinnati, Ohio

 
45201.

More competition in the U.S. n~erchant shipping industry (advocated officials of the Justice Departnwnt's Antitrust Division) will neither
increase efficiency nor reduce shipping rates.
The very nature of the dry-cargo business precludes no1-rna1 con- petitive conditions, writes Ells...

Raymond Vei-non, in Foreign Em-Wm Trade Affairs (Summer 1979), P.O. Box 2315, Boulder, Colo. 80322.
Growing East-West trade will eventually cause friction in the West and
undeserved financial gains for East Europe's communist regimes.
So contends Vernon, an economist at Harvard Business School. The
inequities inherent in trade between market-based and government-
controlled economies increase with the volume of transactions. (Over
the past 15 years, annual East-West trade has grown from $3.5...

Raymond Vei-non, in Foreign Em-Wm Trade Affairs (Summer 1979), P.O. Box 2315, Boulder, Colo. 80322.
Growing East-West trade will eventually cause friction in the West and
undeserved financial gains for East Europe's communist regimes.
So contends Vernon, an economist at Harvard Business School. The
inequities inherent in trade between market-based and government-
controlled economies increase with the volume of transactions. (Over
the past 15 years, annual East-West trade has grown from $3.5...

IODICALS

ECONOMICS, LABOR & BUSINESS
reported no taxable income. Of these non-taxpayers, 95 percent had an adjusted gross income below $10,000, while only ,009 percent (1,845) reported incomes over $30,000. Most of the untaxed earnings went to people in low- and middle-income brackets and included: (a)income below minimum taxable levels; (b)payments froni social security, wel- fare, and unemployment compensation; (c) nontaxable military pay allowances.
Many individuals in the over-$200,000 b...

Stanley Lieberson and Donna
K. Carter, in American Sociological Re-view (June 1979), 1722 N St. N.W., Wash- ington,D.C. 20036.
How does one get into Who's Who in America?
Analyzing listings in the 1924, 1944, and 1974 editions of Marquis' Who's Who, University of Arizona sociologists Lieberson and Carter found that occupational "pathways to national prominence" differ greatly between blacks and other Americans. (The researchers relied on surnames to indicate ethnic origins; race was...

persuasive messages." Participants (students over 21 years old) drank a measured amount of alcohol-a 150-pound individual received the
PERIODICALS
SOCIETY
equivalent of 4.4 ounces of 80 proof whiskey-and were asked to read essays debunking popular beliefs (e.g., "frequent medical checkups are necessary").
The authors found that the individuals who imbibed the most alcohol registered less change in attitude than the participants who drank no spirits at all (the control group)....

Philip L. Clay, in Urban Affairs (June Black SU~U?/~S 1979), 275 South Beverly Dr., Beverly
Hills, Calif. 90212.
In 1960, 2.7 million blacks lived in America's suburbs; 1974, the number had grown to 4.2 million. Nonetheless, housing in suburbia is still largely segregated.
So says Clay, ~rofessor of urban studies at MIT. Census Bureau data show that the average post-1960 black suburbanite is six years younger than previous black suburban dwellers and is more likely to earn over $10,000 a year...

Clyde Z. Science News Nunn, in Journalism Quarterly (Spring
1979), 431 Murphy Hall, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455.
What do newspaper audiences like to read about? According to Nunn, a Newspaper Advertising Bureau executive, more Americans are taking time to scan news of science and technology.
In a 197 1 NAB survey, "science and technology" failed to make the list of the 17 subjects most favored newspaper readers. Six years later, however, this topic ranked No....

Clyde Z. Science News Nunn, in Journalism Quarterly (Spring
1979), 431 Murphy Hall, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455.
What do newspaper audiences like to read about? According to Nunn, a Newspaper Advertising Bureau executive, more Americans are taking time to scan news of science and technology.
In a 197 1 NAB survey, "science and technology" failed to make the list of the 17 subjects most favored newspaper readers. Six years later, however, this topic ranked No....

women. Even in the "pseudo-egalitarian world" of soap operas, male characters dominate the drama; they, more than women, provide advice on "personal entanglements."
Women are not yet on an equal footing with men in television's cor- porate offices. "Evidence of discrimination in hiring and promotion," Tuchman notes, "was strong enough for women employees to have won lawsuits or achieved substantial out-of-court settlements from each of the three television networks"...

IODICALS

PRESS & TELEVISION
to advertisers. The stakes are formidable. Ninety-eight percent of U.S.
homes have a television set, and the average American spends more
than four hours a day watching TV.
For the privilege of addressing their large audiences, the networks charge advertisers hefty fees. In 1979,60 seconds of prime time (8 to 11 P.M., EST) sells for an average of $100,000. Most commercials are costly-production charges can run up to $50,000. The consumer ends up bearing the b...

its fruits (do its members abide the spirit of the Old Testament admonition to "do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly with the Lord"?) and by the limits to the power it entrusts to its leader. Human nature's potential for "distortion and misguided self-seeking" must be kept in mind when evaluating claims of personal spirituality made by a Jim Jones or any other reli- gious leader. "Idolizing human patterns," Bowden says, "is not only unwise, it is blasphemy."
"Freedom,...

the 3.2-million-member U.S. Episcopal Church. But the new compilation of prayers and services waters down essential doctrine, according to Hughes, an Episcopal priest and theologian.
The seriousness of sin is diminished in the new Book, Hughes says, apparently in response to complaints that the old version (last revised in 1928) was too gloomy. For example, the Confession of Sin has been made optional in rites for Holy Eucharist and morning and evening prayer. Also optional is the reading of the...

Episcopalians.
Missing from the new edition is the phrase "the merits of His [Christ's] most precious death and passion," formerly in the post- communion prayer of thanksgiving. This on~ission, Hughes writes, im- plies that, contrary to apostolic teaching, worshipers may rely on merits other than Christ's to gain God's acceptance. He asks: "Is the stage being prepared for us to celebrate our own merits?"
Several references to the wrath of God have been expunged. Yet churchgoers...

in Natural History (Mar. 1979), P.O. Box 6000, Des Moines, Iowa 50340.
If civilized societies, populated creatures similar to humans, inhabit any of the 2.5 billion planets in the Milky Way now presumed capable of supporting life, it. is not likely that even one of them has achieved the level of technological expertise to broadcast word of its existence to Earth.
Wesson, a political scientist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, speculates that any major civilizations on other planets...

would-be Caesars (Charleniagne, Louis XIV, Napoleon, Hitler) have failed. It is doubtful, he says, that these "very special circunistances" have been duplicated on many other planets.
Loch Ness "Atrnosphcric Refraction and Lake Mon-
sters," W. H. Lehn, in Science (July 13,
M01~ste1p.s 19791, An~erican Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, 15 15 Massachu-
setts Ave. N.W., Washington D.C. 20005.
111 the fall of 1958, fisherman H. L. Cockrell spent several nights in...

visual distortions that occur fre- quently at lakes in cold temperate regions.
Temperature inversions-i.e., when a layer of warmer air hovers over colder air-are common at lakes, where the water is often several de- grees cooler than the air. In an inversion, Lehn says, horizontal light rays tend to refract downward as they strike cooler, denser air. Light rays reflected from a single point on an object may be bent in varying degrees as they pass through air of different temperatures. The viewer,...

all. As long as that issue remains, Crutchfield says, the United States should take care not to jeopardize trade relations with other nations in order to gain access to nodules whose exact value has yet to be determined.
Moreover, the United States should not move too fast to tap its offshore oil and gas reserves. Crutchfield asks: Why not leave such reserves intact until foreign oil becomes prohibitively expensive? Con- trary incentives, however, are built into the U.S. Interior Department's present...

a mixture of gravity, drift, and strong winds stirred up the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. The temperature in this gyre (which transports 10 million cubic meters of water per second) would rise only .3OF if the heated waste water from 1,000 power plants of 1,000 megawatts each were released into it.
Csanady concludes that the daily waste heat of one large power sta- tion (equal, he says, to the heat emptied into the ocean "during a sum- mer day by a medium-size lagoon"), pouring out...

Pat Fleishcr,
in An~iu~gazine(May-June 1979), 234
Connection Eglinton Ave. East, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M4P 1K5.
The highly sophisticated Mayan civilization of southern Mexico flourished from about 1500B.C. to roughly A.D. 1200. Advanced in math- ematics and astronomy, the Mayas developed, among other things, an accurate calendar and an 850-character system of hieroglyphics. Then, for unknown reasons, its leaders and priests abandoned their temple cities and disappeared.
Today, farming...

their Chinese vis- itors, Olmec "priests, artists, architects, and astronomers set the pace for later people (probably the Mayas) who conquered them and devel- oped the culture further."
"Tennyson's Crimean War Poetry: A
They Wanted Cross-Cultural Approach" Michael C.
C. Adams, in Journal of the History of
a Lovely War Ideas (July-Sept. 1979), Temple Univer- sity, Humanities Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 19122.
Modern critics of Alfred Lord Tennyson's Crimean War poetry ("Maud,"...

'The LastSupper' Milton Gendel, in ARTnews (Summer 1979). 121 Garden St., Marion, Ohio
Needs Saving 43302.
Leonardo da Vinci's famous mural, The Last Supper (1495-97), has never adhered well to the wall in the Dominican friars' refectory of the church of St. Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Dissatisfied with the tech- nique of painting frescoes on wet plaster (because he was a slow worker), Leonardo experimented with an oil-tempera medium that failed to penetrate and bond with the plaster, as fresco...

'The LastSupper' Milton Gendel, in ARTnews (Summer 1979). 121 Garden St., Marion, Ohio
Needs Saving 43302.
Leonardo da Vinci's famous mural, The Last Supper (1495-97), has never adhered well to the wall in the Dominican friars' refectory of the church of St. Maria delle Grazie in Milan. Dissatisfied with the tech- nique of painting frescoes on wet plaster (because he was a slow worker), Leonardo experimented with an oil-tempera medium that failed to penetrate and bond with the plaster, as fresco...

the governnlent's rural anti-guerrilla operations and the arrest of several key members in 1968. It concentrated its efforts in the hinterland, write Morel1 and Samudavanija, who teach political science at Princeton and at Thai- land's Chulalongkorn University, respectively. But, after 1973, in the new liberal climate, the party was free to proselytize among the stu- dents. Its agents distributed party publications on the campuses and emphasized to student leaders that the egalitarian society they...

Ann Crit-tendon, in Foreign Affairs (Summer 1979),
P.O. Box 2615,Boulder, Colo. 80322.
After two wars, Israel's economy is in serious straits, writes Crittendon, economics specialist for the New York Times. The statistics are grim. Prices rose almost 50 percent in 1978. The national debt stands at $12.5 billion, the world's largest per capita. The
PERIODICALS

OTHER NATIONS
balance-of-payments deficit last year was $3.25 billion, nearly one- fourth of the country's Gross National Product.
Prime M...

1972, the figure was $800 n~illion. Military expendi- tures hit $2 billion in 1975. In the fall of 1977, the new Begin govern- ment "floated" the Israeli pound to make exports cheaper, removed or reduced export subsidies, and eliminated certain currency controls to attract foreign investors. This "New Econon~ic Policy" was a moderate success. Exports rose 25 percent in 1978, and foreign investment in- creased more than 50 percent. But Begin failed to accompany these measures...

Shell and Exxon in Curacao and Aruba, refine more Venezuelan crude than does Venezuela). These service contracts enable the multi- nationals to take more money out of the country, Bye suspects, because the foreigners no longer re-invest in the Venezuelan plants.
Meanwhile, the government's net oil income has dropped: It is invest- ing heavily in oil and other heavy industries and must pay indemnifica- tion ($1 billion over five years) to the multinationals. Left out, Bye contends, are Venezuela's...

by Robert Dallek
Oxford, 1979
657 pp. $19.95
L of C 78-7910

by Norman Lewis
Pantheon, 1979
206 pp. $8.95
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by Robert A. Divine
Oxford, 1978
402 pp. $14.95
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by Michel Foucault
Pantheon, 1978
168 pp. $8.95
L of C 78-51804

by James Chambers
Atheneum, 1979
202 pp. $11.95
L of C 78-22055

By Telford Taylor
Doubleday, 1979
1084 pp. $17.50
L of C 73-22794

by Major George B. Davis
et al.
ArnoICrown, 1979
178 double-spread pp. $60
Lof C78-I6801

by Ezra F. Vogel
Harvard, 1979
272 pp. $12.50
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by A. W. DePorte
Yale, 1979
256 pp. $18.50
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by Herbert J. Gans
Pantheon, 1979
393 pp. $12.95
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edited by Simon Karlinsky
Harper, 1979
346 pp. $15
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by John Hollander
Johns Hopkins, 1979
71 pp. $8.95 cloth,
$3.95 paper
LofC 78-20514

by Leon Edel
Lippincott, 1979
288 pp. $12.95
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by Spencer R. Weart
Harvard, 1979
356 pp. $17.50
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Viking, 1979
175 pp. $8.95
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by Horace Freeland Judson
Simon & Schuster, 1979
686 pp. $15.95
LofC78-12139

By William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White.
Macmillan, 3rd ed., 1979. 85 pp. $1.95
(cloth, $4.95

By Alistair Horne.
Penguin reprint, 1979.
364 pp. $2.95

By Malcolm Cowley.
Penguin reprint, 1979. 287 pp. $3.95

By Howard M.Sachar.
Knopf, rev. ed., 1979. 954 pp.$9.95

By Robert Graves.
Penguin reprint, 1979.
300 pp. $2.95