' " by
Dick Kirschten, in National Journal (Nov.Rebellion 17, 1979), 1730 M St. N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036.
In a move designed to provoke a court test, the Nevada legislature last July laid claim to 49 million acres of rich and scenic federal land- about 87 percent of the state's territory. Politicians in California, Utah, Idaho, and other Western states threaten to follow suit as they rail against "greenhorn bureaucrats" who are "riding roughshod" over their rights.
The...

Fred I. Greens-tein, in Political Science Quarterly (Winter 1979/80), 2852 Broadway, New York,
N.Y. 10025.
The conventional portrait of Dwight Eisenhower as a President "more attentive to golf than to government" is pure fiction, says Greenstein, a political scientist at Princeton. Newly released documents at the Eisenhower Library show the wide scope of Eisenhower's "hidden hand leaders hi^."
Eisenhower's critics often accuse him of abdicating too much policymaking power...

one in- dividual. He preferred to conserve his "public prestige" appearing to remain above the political fray (unlike Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, says Greenstein, who "sought to enhance their professional reputations as political operators"). The advantage of Eisenhower's low-key approach may be that it avoided "raising expectations about what the President as an individual can ever accomplish."
The Future of 'An S.O.S. For Revenue Sharing" by Richard P. Nathan,...

Howard L. Reiter, in Public Opinion Quarterly (FallNan-Voter 1979), Elsevier North Holland, 52 Van-
derbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
There has been a steady decline in the proportion of eligible voters who cast their ballots in U.S. presidential elections-down from 62.8 per- cent of the electorate in 1960 to 54.4 percent in 1976. Alienation due to the Vietnam War, the recent enfranchisement of 18-to-20-year-olds, and the growing numbers of eligible voters 70 years of age and older have all...

Howard L. Reiter, in Public Opinion Quarterly (FallNan-Voter 1979), Elsevier North Holland, 52 Van-
derbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
There has been a steady decline in the proportion of eligible voters who cast their ballots in U.S. presidential elections-down from 62.8 per- cent of the electorate in 1960 to 54.4 percent in 1976. Alienation due to the Vietnam War, the recent enfranchisement of 18-to-20-year-olds, and the growing numbers of eligible voters 70 years of age and older have all...

Herman L. Gilster, in Air B/~I University Review (Sept .-Oct. 1979), Gov- zj<?*feg~ ernment Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402.
Sending bombers against Germany in World War I1 and North Vietnam in 1965-68, U.S. strategists failed to reckon with a disciplined foe's ability to keep his economy going despite major damage. In each case, writes Herman L. Gilster, a Boeing analyst, the defenders had the time and resources to adjust.
When heavy allied bombing began in 1943, Hitler's Germany...

IODICALS

FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
tington, head of Harvard's Center for International Affairs.
However, he notes, the polls show a cleavage between mass public opinion, which now favors a stronger U.S. stand against Moscow, and the "more ambivalent" views of leaders in government, business, jour- nalism, and academia. This cleavage makes it unlikely that a "harder foreign policy line" will be quick to emerge in Washington, although both the Carter administration and i...

Steven I. Levine,
China 1l;1,7t3/e in Diplomatic History (Fall 1979),
Scholarly Resources, Inc., 104 Greenhill
Ave., Wilmington, Del. 19805.
Many historians have described as "naive," or worse, the unsuccessful efforts of General George C. Marshall to bring China's rival Nationalists and Communists into a coalition government after World War 11. How-ever, says Levine, an American University historian, the famed Mar- shall mission was not a total fiasco.
When he sent Marshall to Chungking...

nonextremists in both parties. He actually obtained a temporary cease-fire and a tentative agreement on a coalition regime before fierce fighting broke out in Manchuria in late 1946 as both sides tried to exploit the Russians' departure.
Thus, the 13-month Marshall mission failed to avert civil war and Mao's triumph in 1949. But, in Levine's view, the United States and the Soviets behaved circumspectly with regard to China. It did not become an issue between them. And Marshall's diplomatic apprenticeship...

Richard The Brighter Side B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, in The of Unions Public Interest (Fall 1979), P.O. BOX 542,
Old Chelsea, New York, N.Y. 1001 1.
Organized labor has come in for increasing criticism in the United States~evenas the percentage of workers in private industry who are unionized declines. The attacks, particularly from management wor- ried about declining productivity and from minority groups calling for "affirmative action," are not entirely justified, according to...

Richard The Brighter Side B. Freeman and James L. Medoff, in The of Unions Public Interest (Fall 1979), P.O. BOX 542,
Old Chelsea, New York, N.Y. 1001 1.
Organized labor has come in for increasing criticism in the United States~evenas the percentage of workers in private industry who are unionized declines. The attacks, particularly from management wor- ried about declining productivity and from minority groups calling for "affirmative action," are not entirely justified, according to...

PERIODICALS
ECONOMICS, LABOR & BUSINESS
lems" that underlay contemporary means of producing and distribut- ing goods throughout society. Medieval economists, for example, were "largely preoccupied with the question of whether the pursuit of mar- ket objectives . . .would bring men into spiritual danger." The mercan- tilists explored the relationship "between the pursuit of private gain through foreign trade and the national security." And classical econo- mists (e.g.,...

BsAasAren't Enough "Through the Academic Gateway" by
Bernard C. Watson, in Change (Oct. 19791,
NBW Tower, New Rochelle, N.Y. 10807.
In 1976, 1 million black Americans were enrolled in colleges and uni- versities-more than double the number enrolled in 1970. But such gains, argues Watson, a Temple University vice president, are over- rated as signs of black progress toward equality with whites.
For one thing, blacks are still vastly "underrepresented" in certain academic...

Elizabeth Douvan, Joseph Veroff, Matters and Richard Kulka, in Economic Outlook
USA (Summer 1979), Survey Research
Center, University of Michigan, P.O. Box
1248, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106.
Americans' attitudes toward marriage, parenthood, and work have changed considerably over the last 20 years but not nearly so much as alarmists fear. So concludes a University of Michigan research team that surveyed 2,400 American adults in 1976 and compared its findings with those of an identical survey conducted...

Elizabeth Douvan, Joseph Veroff, Matters and Richard Kulka, in Economic Outlook
USA (Summer 1979), Survey Research
Center, University of Michigan, P.O. Box
1248, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106.
Americans' attitudes toward marriage, parenthood, and work have changed considerably over the last 20 years but not nearly so much as alarmists fear. So concludes a University of Michigan research team that surveyed 2,400 American adults in 1976 and compared its findings with those of an identical survey conducted...

career opportunities. "Forty percent of the men who moved between urban areas attained a higher academic rank in the process; the comparable figure for women was 23.3 percent." Once again, marriage is a determining factor-in 1973, 75 percent of single women academics held the rank of associate professor or above; only 52 percent of the married women surveyed did.

PERCENT OF FACULTY MEMBERS SIZE OF CITY
I Less than 250,000-1 million-More than ~00,000 1 million 2 million 2 million
Married
Men 21....

the U.S. Small Business Ad- ministration (SBA) to award loans and loan guarantees to minority businessmen may actually discriminate against the black entrepre- neurs who have the best chances of success, argue Bates, an economist at the University of Vermont, and Osborne, professor of management at UCLA.
To promote inner-city business development, the SBA is willing to assume a greater risk on loans to blacks than to whites; i.e., a black firm with small net worth is eligible for a larger SBA loan...

the U.S. Small Business Ad- ministration (SBA) to award loans and loan guarantees to minority businessmen may actually discriminate against the black entrepre- neurs who have the best chances of success, argue Bates, an economist at the University of Vermont, and Osborne, professor of management at UCLA.
To promote inner-city business development, the SBA is willing to assume a greater risk on loans to blacks than to whites; i.e., a black firm with small net worth is eligible for a larger SBA loan...

the federal government, must create "new career options in education" outside the traditional public school. To this end, he proposes training programs in basic academic skills for the handi- capped, minorities, members of the armed forces, and women entering the labor force for the first time; vocational training in industry; and education programs in prisons, mental institutions, and old-age homes.

PRESS & TELEVISION
Congress9 "Network News Coverage of Congress" Michael J....

the networks day to day." Indeed, the authors conclude, the "networks need the President, and generally they cultivate him."
Time "Time Magazine Revisited: Presidential
Stereotypes Persist" Fred Fedler, Mike
Marches On Meeske, and Joe Hall, in Journalism Quar- terly (Summer 1979), 431 Murphy Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455.
Does America's No. 1 news magazine give the facts-and nothing but the facts? Fedler, Meeske, and Hall, who teach journalism...

Philip Wander, in Journal of Communication
of Soap Operas (Autumn 1979), P.O. BOX 13358,Philadel-phia, Pa. 19101.
Despite their scriptwriters' focus on personal problems, television day- time soap operas make "modern life appear coherent and relatively secure," says Wander, professor of speech communication at San Jose State University.
The world of the soap opera is governed a strict moral code: "Playboys are untrustworthy"; "adultery is invariably punished"; 'divorce...

contrast, the New Testa- ment gospels are known to have been set down c. 60-1 10).
Roughly 100 years after Christ's death, a broad schism developed among Christians between the orthodox (literally, "straight thinking")
In his five-volume De-struction and Overthrow of Falsely So-called Knowledge, St. Zrenaeus, Bishop ofLyon, led the Christian Church's 2nd- century fight against the gnostic cult, branded "an abyss of madness and blasphemy."
The Wilsoit Quarterl~IWii~ter
3 1

PERIODICALS
RELIGION &...

taking yourself as the starting point."
Some gnostics argued that God the Creator of both good and evil served a greater Divine, the "Depth." Others celebrated an Almighty who was both feminine and masculine ("She became the Mother of everything, for she existed before them all, the mother-father"). Still others argued that Christ's Crucifixion and Resurrection should be taken symbolically, not as historical events.
Orthodox leaders viewed gnostic teachings as falsehoods;...

the dogma of the Eucharist, they believed, "the accidents of the bread and wine [must be] distinct from their sub- stance." King Louis XIV, who selected Church officials within France, feared a split in the French Church-and Vatican intervention.
But attacks against Cartesians were not limited to censorship of phi- losophers and theologians. Descartes' concepts served as the founda- tion for the explanations of matter and motion put forth physicist Jacques Rohault (1620-75). To his regret,...

ElizabethWashington's Whelan. in Policy Review (Fall 1979). The ~oundation,513 C St. 'N.E.,

War on Cancer ~erita~'e
Washington, D.C. 20002.
Most measures federal regulators to protect workers and consumers from cancer-causing chemicals overlook obvious facts about cancer. So contends Whelan, a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health.
The Food and Drug Administration bans any food additive that in- duces cancer in any animal species at any dose level. The Occupational Safety and Hea...

ElizabethWashington's Whelan. in Policy Review (Fall 1979). The ~oundation,513 C St. 'N.E.,

War on Cancer ~erita~'e
Washington, D.C. 20002.
Most measures federal regulators to protect workers and consumers from cancer-causing chemicals overlook obvious facts about cancer. So contends Whelan, a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health.
The Food and Drug Administration bans any food additive that in- duces cancer in any animal species at any dose level. The Occupational Safety and Hea...

PERIODICALS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
write Zihlman, an anthropologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Lowenstein, associate clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. It can tell researchers if a sus- pected human ancestor walked upright or on all fours. A tooth, on the other hand, can be deceiving; the teeth of the prehistoric chalicothere, for instance, led anthropologists to believe it was an ancestor of the horse until they discovered...

body heat, it gradually reverts to screen shape and prevents blood clots from reaching the heart.
Shape-memory alloys may even help solve future energy shortages, says Schetky, a metallurgist at the In- ternational Copper Research Associa- tion. In tropical oceans and large res- ervoirs behind hydroelectric dams, alloy rods could be alternately low- ered to cold deep waters and raised to warmer surface waters. The resulting
Heated, this antenna metal contractions, he suggests, could regains its...

IODICALS

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
tution. Within 25 million years, the Persian Gulf will disappear as a widening "Red Ocean" pushes Saudi Arabia into Iran.
Scientists disagree over how the Red Sea, now about 190 miles across at its widest point, was formed. Some argue that, because the facing coastlines fit together nicely, the Asian and African continents, once united, broke apart abruptly. Others say that the African and Arabian tectonic plates separated gradually, their edges stretching a...

Gene E.Likens, Richard
F. Wright, James N. Galloway, and Thomas J. Butler, in ScientificAmerican (Oct. 1979), 415 Madison Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10017.
In parts of the Eastern United States and Western Europe, rain and snow now fall as dilute solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids. A by-product of the burning of fossil fuels in power plants, the problem of "acid rain" is expected to worsen as industrialized countries become more dependent on coal, say ecologists Likens, Wright, Galloway,...

Mary Rawitscher and Jean Mayer, in
on the Stove Technology Review (Aug.-Sept .1979), Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
-".
Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
Three to 5 percent of total US. energy output (e.g., equivalent to the energy produced the nation's hydroelectric plants) is consumed pre- paring food at home. Much of that energy could be saved if Americans changed their cooking and eating habits, write nutritionists Rawitscher and Mayer.
Certain culinary techniques waste more energy...

Mary Rawitscher and Jean Mayer, in
on the Stove Technology Review (Aug.-Sept .1979), Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
-".
Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
Three to 5 percent of total US. energy output (e.g., equivalent to the energy produced the nation's hydroelectric plants) is consumed pre- paring food at home. Much of that energy could be saved if Americans changed their cooking and eating habits, write nutritionists Rawitscher and Mayer.
Certain culinary techniques waste more energy...

William F. Hyde, in Policythe Forests Analysis (Summer 1979), University of
California Press, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.
Inefficient forest management has spurred government predictions of a "timber famine" the year 2000 in the Pacific Northwest, source of one-fourth of the annual U.S. timber harvest.
No such famine need occur, argues Hyde, a research associate at Resources for the Future. Annual harvests in the Northwest range from 24 million to 26 million "cunits" (one cunit...

and large, scenic vistas-rocky outcrops, steep slopes, alpine meadows-rarely include rich timber country. Moreover, soil erosion caused tree-felling, hauling logs, and road- building is more likely in these areas; there is far less damage where the terrain is flatter-and lumbering is most profitable.
Hyde concedes that environmentalists object to some of the foresting methods he endorses~clearcutting (the most efficient form of tree-harvesting) and shorter intervals between harvests (30 to 50 years...

"The Color Film Crisis" Paul C. Spehr,
in American Film (Nov. 1979), Subscrip-
tion Service, P.O. Box 966, Farmingdale,
N.Y. 11737.
During the 1950s, Hollywood switched from Technicolor to Eastman Color (still in use today). The result has been new films that fade within a few years to an ugly purple and negatives that will be worthless within a lifetime.
Many of the films-e.g., The Wizard ofOz (1939),An American in Paris (1951)-printed by the old Technicolor method retain their...

contrast, are durable but as yet can only be shown on television screens. One preservation technique under study involves the use of laser-beam holograms (re- cordings of the patterns of light waves).
Many great films of the last 25 years will likely fade into oblivion before the means to save them are perfected, Spehr concludes-all because movie makers failed to reckon on the future profits to be made from the public's abiding interest in their creations.
Monet's "Method and Meaning in...

Peter Alexis Gourevitch, in Compara-
tive Studies in Society and History (July
1979), Cambridge University Press, 32
East 57th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
Ethnic consciousness has been on the rise in the West-for example, among France's Bretons and Canada's Quebeqois. But separatist movements have not always cropped up as a result. Gourevitch, a McGill University political scientist, surveyed eight countries to find out why.
When both political leadership and key industries are centralized in...

Joseuh L. Nosee and John W. Sloan. in
The Russians? of ~nteramerican Studies Ad
JOU~~Z
World Affairs (Aug. 1979), Sage Publica-
tions, 275 South Beverly Dr., Beverly
Hills, Calif. 90212.
Seeing the Soviet Union's massive economic support for Castro's Cuba, Salvador Allende, head of Chile's short-lived Marxist government, ex- pected Moscow to underwrite his socialist program. He was disap- pointed; the Russians did not provide the needed cash. The Kremlin's desire to preserve detente with...

1972, for example, 33 percent of all state-owned buses were out of service due to parts shortages.) Anticipated revenue from the nationalized copper industry was down $500 million in 1971-72 because the worldwide price of copper dropped from 64c a pound in 1970 to 48c a pound in 1972. Yet assistance from the presum- ably sympathetic Soviets amounted to no more than $340 million from 1971 to 1973.
Why did Moscow fail to bail out Allende? The Soviets do not have unlimited means, say the authors;...

Dankwart A. Rus-tow, in Foreign Afairs (Fall 1979), P.0. Box 2615, Boulder, Colo. 80322.
Since becoming a parliamentary democracy in 1945, Turkey has suf- fered from frequent political deadlocks, military coups, and a severe economic decline. Yet there is very little chance of this Muslim country becoming "anotherIran," says Rustow, a political scientist at the City University of New York.
A large foreign debt is Turkey's most pressing problem. Aided US. technology, the country's agricultural...

Howard Crouch, in World in Indonesia Politics (July 1979), Princeton University
Press, Princeton, N.J. 08540.
In precolonial Java (now Indonesia), sultans protected their rule
parceling out favors among competing factions. Since 1959, Indonesia's
Presidents have tried the same "patrimonial" tactic, without the sul-
tans success.
President Sukarno, whose
"Guided Democracy" replaced In-
donesia's fledgling parliamentary
system in 1959, maintained control
by balancing...

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L of C 78-584

by Mary Midgley
Cornell, 1978
377 pp. $12.50
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