Lyn Ragsdale, in The Journal of Poli- tics (Aug. 1987), Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32611.
Presidents frequently seek to sway the public with major speeches broad- cast during prime time on network television. But do these broadcasts permanently affect public attitudes toward major issues?
Ragsdale, a political scientist at the University of Arizona, studied the 93 prime-time speeches (including State of the Union messages but ex- cluding inaugural addresses) given Lyndon Johnson, Richard...

John Herbers, in Gouern-ing (Oct. 19871, 1414 22nd St. N.W., Washing-ton, D.C. 20037.
One of the goals of the Reagan administration has been establishing "the new federalismH-transferring control of many federal programs to the states. Herbers, a visiting professor of politics at Princeton, argues that although some proposed federal cutbacks have been blocked, the conse- quences of reducing federal spending and regulation have been "more far-reaching than almost anyone envisioned."
Many...

Washington. Wisconsin requires automatic deductions of child- support payments from the wages of fathers who desert their children on welfare, thus becoming a state that goes "far beyond federal requirements in holding parents responsible for their children until age 18."
Herbers does not expect further cutbacks in federal aid to states and cities. He predicts that rather than dictating local policy, Washington will continue to "build its programs around the innovations of the states."
"What...

Susan Strange, in International Organization (Autumn lG7), 55 Hayward St., &rnbridge, Mas. 02142.
One of the persistent myths of our time says Strange, a professor of international relations at the London School of Ekonomics, is that America has passed her prime as a great power. Faced with a shrinking share of world trade, a dwindling industrial base, and increasingly fractious allies, America, many scholars conclude, like Britain before it, must face an impe- rial sunset.
But America, Strange...

Jock A. Finlayson and David G. Haglund, in Sur-
vival (Sept.-Oct. 1987), International Institute
for Strategic Studies, 23 Tavistock St., London
WC2E 7NQ, United Kingdom.
A dominant theme of international politics in the late 1970s and early 1980s was that America would be irrevocably drawn into a "resource war" with the Soviet Union, as both sides sought to assure themselves access to essential raw materials. As a presidential candidate in 1980, Ronald Reagan argued that Western...

Patrick Glynn, in The National Interest (Fall 19871, 1627 Connecticut Ave. N.W., Washing-ton, D.C. 20009.
The present Western preoccupation with arms control, argues Glynn, as- sistant to the director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, rests on two faulty assumptions: that arms races cause wars and that wars happen "accidentally."
Glynn believes these false lessons derive from the same source: World War I revisionist historians. "The real dividing line in modem reflection...

accident. The officers
of the German General Staff were fully aware "that they were risking
general war" when they urged Austria to invade Serbia. Because many of
the clauses in the Triple Entente treaty were secret, German leaders
thought that Britain's support for France and Russia was ambivalent, mak-
ing "diplomatic and military victories all the more plausible" in the event
that Britain abandoned her allies at the outbreak of a major war.
The true lesson to be drawn...

Maryann N. Keller, in IEEE Spectrum (Oct. 1987), 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Predicting the future of the automobile industry, argues Keller, a vice- president of Furman Selz Mager Dietz & Birney, New York-based stock- brokers, is a risky business. Few auto analysts, for example, foresaw the sweeping changes that resulted from the energy crises of 1973 and 1979. Many current trends (such as increasing pickup truck sales) may suddenly end if gasoline prices rise sharply. Nonetheless,...

Mazda in Japan,
is manufactured in Mexico.
the design and engineering expertise to successfully challenge Japanese, European, or American car builders. Only the South Korean firm of Hyundai will be able to be a "global automaker," challenging existing Japa- nese, European, and American rivals. Other new car builders "cannot sur- vive without affiliating with a Japanese or Western partner."

Suthem Fcflmmy?
 
"The Economic Revolution in the American S...

1,000,000 be- tween 1950 and 1959; the displaced workers (mostly black) migrated to "high-unemployment ghettoes" in Northern cities rather than face con- tinuing poverty at home. The departure of these workers caused the aver-age Southern wage to rise still higher.
The major reason for the Southern economy's shift, Wright concludes, was that a new breed of Southern politicians refused to continue insularity. State officials now encouraged outside investment, through tax breaks, industrial...

Stephen A. woodbury and Robert G. Spiegel-

man, in The American Economic Review (Sept.
19871, 1313 21st Ave. South, Ste. 809, Nash-
ville, Term. 37212.
Unemployment benefits were originally designed to provide relief to work- ers laid off from jobs. In recent years, many economists have concluded that such insurance programs prolong joblessness reducing the pressure on unemployed workers to search for new jobs.
What can be done to alter these trends? Woodbury, an economist at Michigan State U...

the Book "How Children Learn Words" George A. Miller and Patricia M. Gildea, in Scientific American (Sept. 1987), 415 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
By the age of 12, the average child learns 5,000 new words each year, or about 13 every day-yet no more than 200 words are taught in a school year. How do children manage to learn so many words on their own? Miller, a psychologist at Princeton, and Gildea, professor of psychology at Rutgers University, believe students learn many new...

fifth and sixth graders in which new words were consistently rnisinter- preted, the authors concluded that tasks relying on the dictionary are "a waste of time."
Arbitrary vocabulary lists, the authors argue, isolate words from any context. Reading proves to be the most effective vehicle for vocabulary- building because it makes the reader want to understand new words. The authors found that only through "reading several million words per yearv-at least one and a half hours each...

the ACLI felt very confident about Social Security, and 55 percent are "not confident" that Medicare benefits will continue at current levels.
Edrnondson predicts that 50- to 64-year-olds will continue current spending and mobility habits for some time. But the clout of this age group will grow as the "baboom" generation ages: The U.S. Census Bureau ~redicts an 81 ~ercent rise in 50- to 64-vex-olds (to 59 million Ameri-
Poor bers "In Search of the Working Poor" by...

reducing the estimates of rural and small-town poverty dramatically. And most of the poor, he argues, will not see themselves as victims, but will instead "be seen as living lives that they choose to live.'

PRESS & TELEVISION
ss and Science "The Culture of Science Journalism" Dorothy
Nelkm, in Society (Sept.-Oct. 1987), Rutgers
Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. 08903.
Nineteenth-century American science journalists had a flair for false drama best described by a New York Sunday Wor...

Ellen Mickiewicz and Gregory Haley, in Slavic Review (Summer 1987), PO. Box 8180, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78713.
In 1960 only five percent of the Soviet population had access to television; 1986 that figure had risen to 93 percent. Though a latecomer to the Soviet Union, television has had "an enormous effect" on the way Soviets acquire information, argue Mickiewicz, a political scientist, and Haley, a graduate student, both at Emory University.
Each evening, an estimated 150 million...

dpdf-doc>
PERIODICALS

PRESS & TELEVISION
News Tonight," the authors found that "Vremia" devoted a much larger percentage of its stories to international coverage than did its American counterpart. In particular, "Vremia" focused "on the adversary": 17.6 percent of "Vremia" stories involved the U.S. and its NATO allies, whereas only 5.1 percent of ABC "World News Tonight" stories covered the USSR and Warsaw Pact countries.
The "mission" of...

Richard Fox, in The Center Magazine, (Sept.-Oct. 1987), PO. Box 4068, Santa Bar-bara, Calif. 93140.
American liberahsm, argues Fox, a historian at Reed College, has tradition- ally found allies among such "celebrated religious spokesmen" as Martin Luther King, Jr. But in the 1980s, while leaders in other professions (ac- tors, psychologists, and even astronomers) support the liberal agenda, there is no theologian "to link liberal politics to spiritual meaning or tran- scendent purpose."
Why...

science.
Engen, a psychologist at Brown University, identifies two distinct types of olfactory memory: the ability to call up the sensation of a particular odor and the ability to identdy a smell when presented. New research has illuni-nated these Merences.
Until recently, researchers classified odors the "smell prism," de- veloped by German psychologist Hans Henning over 70 years ago. The prism separates all odors into six categories, such as "flowery," "spicy,"...

name.
Engen believes that people organize odors according to personal ex- periences. In one set of tests, Engen presented test subjects with 10 different odors, ranging from chemical "odorants" such as amyl acetate (banana oil) to "brand name " stimuh such as Vicks Vaporub. Responses such as "bawipes" for the smell of Johnson's baby powder show that people remember odors by association with similar smells and by "the context or kind of object in which odors may...

Lee Edson, in Mosaic (Surn-mer 1987), National Science Foundation, Wash- ington, D.C. 20550.
Silicon is the material that defines our times. Because it is the primary element of computer microchips, silicon is as important to our age as steel was to the 19th century and bronze was to the Greeks of 3,000 B.C.
Although silicon's importance will continue indefinitely, says Edson, a free-lance science writer, many of its functions may be taken over gallium arsenide, a synthetic semiconductor. While...

Wallace S. Broecker, in Natural History (Oct. 1987). American Mu- seum of ~atural History, central Park West at 79th St., New York, N.Y. 10024.
The "greenhouse effecto-the rise in the Earth's surface temperature caused increasing amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, and freon gases in the environment-is well known. But what will the consequences be in the long term?
Broecker, a geologist at Columbia University, believes that increasing amounts of "greenhouse" gases may cause shifts...

Wallace S. Broecker, in Natural History (Oct. 1987). American Mu- seum of ~atural History, central Park West at 79th St., New York, N.Y. 10024.
The "greenhouse effecto-the rise in the Earth's surface temperature caused increasing amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, and freon gases in the environment-is well known. But what will the consequences be in the long term?
Broecker, a geologist at Columbia University, believes that increasing amounts of "greenhouse" gases may cause shifts...

man.
Bruce Ames, a biochemist at the University of California, Berkeley, studied the effects of naturally occurring carcinogens. He concluded that an eight-ounce glass of wine is thousands of times more likely to cause cancer than either DDT or ethylene dibromide (EDB), because alcohol is known to cause about three percent of human cancers resulting from cirrhosis of the liver. According to Ames, peanut butter, basil leaves, and comfrey herb tea all contain compounds at least 100 times more carcino-...

creating art deliberately designed to change over time. Rauschenberg argued that his assemblages, made from beds, stuffed birds, garbage, and dirty laundry, were designed to capture "the smell, and the feel of our total environment."
Rauschenberg, argues Barnett, "opened up the path for art with built- in obsolescence." His successors include Christo, the Bulgarian artist who wraps bridges, cliffs, and islands in cloth, and the German artist Joseph Beuys, who creates sculptures...

selecting "fifth-rate throwaway tracts" such novelists as John Irving and E. L. Doctorow.
Teachout thinks the BOMC has done its best to survive a period of American literary decline. "In its well-meaning, idealistic way," he main- tains, the club brings "pretty good books to the prairies year after year."
Emerson the "The Making of an American Prophet: Emer- son, His Audiences, and the Rise of the Culture
Showman Industry in Nineteenth-Century America"...

the 1850s, they had been superseded "literary societies," which provided single young men with social alternatives to the tavern and the theater. Society members were always interested in developing self- reliance, largely as a way to increase their chances of success in the busi- ness world. Emerson's interest in the nature of correct conduct and indi- vidual achievement thus paralleled, on a more philosophical level, the interests of much of his audience.
Although Emerson lectured on...

the Right or the Left. "In spite of their wide ideological and political differences," he argues, "all three of the last Chilean presidents have failed to produce the kind of economic result they promised."
After General Augusto Pinochet overthrew Socialist president Salva- dor Allende in 1973, Chile "became a great laboratory of neoconservative economics." Under the direction of University of Chicago-trained econo- mists such as Sergio de Castro (economy minister),...

diverting Afghan trade from free world markets to the Soviet Bloc, granting large credits at low interest rates, and by "insinuating" direct Soviet participation in Afghan economic planning. Second, to increase Afghan dependence on the Soviet economy through bilateral trade, expanded credit, and complex monetary or barter arrangements. By 1978 the USSR accounted for 37 percent of all Afghan exports and 34 percent of Afghan imports.
Since the 1979 invasion, Soviet control of the Afghan...

diverting Afghan trade from free world markets to the Soviet Bloc, granting large credits at low interest rates, and by "insinuating" direct Soviet participation in Afghan economic planning. Second, to increase Afghan dependence on the Soviet economy through bilateral trade, expanded credit, and complex monetary or barter arrangements. By 1978 the USSR accounted for 37 percent of all Afghan exports and 34 percent of Afghan imports.
Since the 1979 invasion, Soviet control of the Afghan...

the founding fathers of each nation.
Kenya's first president, Jomo Kenyatta, stressed the use of harambee (self-help) to build Kenya's economy. Communally owned tribal lands and some white settler-owned lands were acquired the government and transferred to small farmers, resulting in a total of 1.5 million households which owned an average of nearly 10 acres apiece by 1984. Most of Kenya's agriculture and industry remained in private hands, and even state owned institutions (such as marketing boards)...

Philip A. Daniels, in The World Today (Aug.-Sept. 19871, The Royal In-stitute of International Affairs, 10 St. James's Square, London SW1Y 4LE, United Kingdom.
When the Italian Communist Party (PCI) won 34.4 percent of the national vote in 1976, its highest percentage since the founding of the post-World War I1 republic in 1946, the Communists seemed on the verge of full participation in government. Since that peak, however, the party's trade union support has weakened, and fewer young people are...

public agencies and private institutions

"Dealing With Drugs: Consequences of Government Control."
Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 177 Post St., San Francisco, Calif. 94108. 385 pp.
$40.00.
Editor: Ronald Hamowy
The continuing "war on drugs" is the most expensive prohibition effort in American history. In Fiscal Year 1983, for example, $836.3 million was budgeted for drug law enforcement; in contrast, enforcing the first 10 years of Prohibition cost U.S. t...

by Dusko Doder
Random, 1986
339 pp. $19.95

by Earl Black
and Merle Black
Harvard, 1987
363 pp. $25

by Caroline Walker Bynurn
Univ. of Calif., 1987
444 pp. $29.95

by Gerald F. Linderman
Free Press, 1987
357 pp. $22.50

by Anthony Biiley
Yale, 1987
320 pp. $25

by William E. Burrows
Random, 1986
401 pp. $19.95

by Robert Higgs
Oxford, 1987
352 pp. $24.95

by Martin Stannard
Norton, 1986
537 pp. $24.95

by Leo Ou-fan Lee
Univ. of Ind., 1987
254 pp. $32.50

edited by Stuart Berg Flexner
and Leonore Crary Hauck
2478 pp. plus supplements
$79.95

edited by Sylvia J. Czerkas
and Everett C. Olson
Univ. of Wash., 1987, 1988
Vol. I, 161 pp. $35
Vol. 11, 164 pp. $35

by Robert Omstein
and David Sobel
Simon & Schuster, 1987
301 pp. $19.95

By Carol Gluck. Princeton, 1985. 407 pp. $12.50

By Horace Freeland Judson. Johns Hopkins,
1987. 266 pp. $9.95

By Alex Shoumatoff.
Univ. of N.M., 1987. 211 pp. $10.95