John Mueller, in Public Opinion Quarterly (Spring 1988), Univ. of Chicago Press, PO. Box 37005, Chicago, 111. 60637.
As the 1988 campaign progresses, one trend seems clear: Americans are far more tolerant of the opinions of others than they were in the past.
Mueller, a political scientist at the University of Rochester, believes that Americans have become more willing to listen to extreme left-wing groups, and have not increased their distaste for any political group or opinion. Since the 1950s,...

Robert Nisbet, in Chronicles (June 1988), Rockford Institute, 934 North Main St., Rock-ford, Dl. 61103.
When did the federal government begin to be the center of American life? The answer, says Nisbet, an emeritus professor at Columbia University: World War I. While the economic effects of the war were small in the United States, the resulting intellectual changes were vast.
Before 1917, the United States had the "most decentralized" govem-
ment in the West. But upon America's entry...

the Wilsonian moral crusade to "make the world safe for democracy," sought new domestic campaigns. Led philosopher John Dewey, New Republic editor Herbert Croly, and The Nation's Os-wald Garrison Villard, these thinkers each began what Dewey called a "search for the Great Community." If America could unite in war, they argued, why could it not become a national community in an era of peace? The efforts of 1920s intellectuals and novelists dovetailed. While intel-
lectuals invoked...

1980, only 52.6 percent did. But the 1980 rate was not precedent-setting; only 52 percent of eligible Amer- icans voted in the Roosevelt-Hoover election of 1932, and 51 percent voted in the Truman-Dewey battle of 1948.
In 1984, 53.1 percent of Americans voted for president, a slight rise over 1980. The authors predict that because the U.S. electorate is aging, and older Americans tend to vote more often than younger ones, the percentage will increase this November. But nonvoting Americans proba-...

PERIODICALS
FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
come routine; in Fiscal Year 1987, for example, 31,059 Guardsmen
trained in 35 nations, including West Germany, England, and South Korea.
Moreover, each of four regular divisions in the Army currently is allotted a
"round-out brigade" from the National Guard that would bring the division
to full combat strength in time of war; Newland predicts that more such
arrangements will follow as congressional budget cuts further reduce the
Army's...

Saudi Arabia.
"Arms, Aid, and the Superpowers" Stephanie
G. Neuman, in Foreign Affairs(Summer 1988), Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th St., New York, N.Y. 10021.
Can the superpowers continue to dominate the international arms trade? Some specialists contend that the pre-eminence of the United States and the Soviet Union in weapons sales has ended.
Neuman, director of the Comparative Defense Studies Program at Co-lumbia University, points out that the superpowers' share of...

other nations of weapons that use their components. The United States has blocked sales of Sweden's Viggen fighter and Israel's Kfir fighter bomber because these aircraft use American-built parts. The Soviet Union is even more restrictive; only India can produce modem Soviet weapons under license.
These curbs guarantee continued superpower dominance of the arms trade. In the Iran-Iraq war, for example, both superpowers have, since 1983, thwarted sales to Iran of tanks, air-defense systems, or jet...

tax cuts and deregulation of interstate commerce the Reagan administration; states that followed suit, such as Florida and Illi-nois, have enjoyed robust economic gains. The 1980s experience indicates that Washington should not try to block change through an "industrial policy"; it should pursue market-oriented trade and monetary policies, allowing all areas of the nation to attain "long-run economic success."
"Contraction and Expansion: The Divergence of Private Sector...

requiring binding arbitration to solve disputes) making mem- bership more attractive.
Why are government unions losing members more slowly than their counterparts in business? Freeman sees U.S. corporations as more fer- vently "antiunion" than during past decades. Executives in industry who oppose unions and union wage demands can increase profits; mayors or governors who try to thwart employee unions may find themselves losing the next election.
for Success "The Difficult Birth...

icy Review (Spring 19881, Heritage Foundation,
214 Massachusetts Ave. N.E., Washington, D.C.
20002.
A rising number of children in the United States are being raised hired workers, rather than by parents or family. A 1984 Census Bureau study reported that eight percent of working mothers rear their children them- selves, 40 percent give them to relatives during the day, and 52 percent hire others to tend their offspring.
However, according to Zinsmeister, a free-lance writer and demogra- pher,...

"American Indian Household Structure and In-come" Gary D. Sandefur and Arthur Saka-moto, in Demography (Feb. 1988), Population Association of America, 1429 Duke St., Alexan- dria, Va. 22314-3402.
American Indians, as a group, are among the nation's least affluent people. Sandefur and Sakamoto, sociologists at the University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, find a surprising source of Indians' economic survival: the dominance of the traditional family.
Forty-three percent of Indians lived in...

an Indian as "Indian families"; non-Indian men who marry Indians are defined as heading non- Indian households. Since more than half of married Indian women have non-Indian husbands, this definition is "especially significant" in determin- ing which Indian families, rich or poor, are counted the government.
Deongeshg subwbs "The Real Problem with Suburban AntigroWh
Policies" bv Anthonv Downs in The Brookin~s
Review (spring 1988)~ 1775 ~assachuse&
Ave. N.N,Washington,...

65 percent (64 million), while the U.S. popula- tion rose only 18 percent (37 million). Between 1984 and 1986, auto vehicle usage rose twice as fast as the U.S. population. This "automobile vehicle population explosion" is the chief villain, along with the sprawl of suburban office buildings and such massive shopping centers as Tysons Comer in Virginia and the Oakbrook Shopping Center near Chicago.
The most popular suburban antigrowth strategy is to make new build- ings very expensive....

mid- century. But while washstands became common, bathtubs were still a nov- elty; in 1860, Boston had only 3,910 of them for a population of 177,840. Full-body bathing provided an adventure to those who tested it out. As New York socialite George Templeton Strong commented after building himself a bathroom in 1843, "I've led rather an amphibious life for the last week-paddling in the bathing tub every night and constantly making new discoveries in the art and mystery of ablutions."
the...

David Bollier, in
Channels (Mar. 1988), 19 West 44th St., New
York, N.Y. 10036.
"Only one thing is impossible for God," Mark Twain once remarked. It is "to find any sense in any copyright law on the planet."
Twain's quip, notes Bollier, a Channels contributing editor, aptly de- scribes the current imbroglio over the ownership of TV programs. Televi- sion copyright law, he argues, has become a "baroque monstrosity."
Even using photocopiers, reproducing printed material...

John
F. Lawrence, in Fortune (Apr. 25, 19881, Time Economics and Life Building, Rockefeller Center, New
York, N.Y. 10020-1393.
"ECONOMY WEAKENING, EXPERTS SAY," was the headline of the lead front-page story in the February 2, 1988 Miami Herald. "For once, economists are in agreement," the story began. "The big chill everyone feared is here."
A month later, the Herald changed its mind. In a story buried on the business page, the Herald reported that America's gross...

Simon Frank-
lin, in The World Today (April 1988), Royal
Institute of International Affairs, 10 St. James's
Square, London, SW1Y 4LE, United Kingdom.
Last June, the Soviets celebrated the millennium of Christianity in Russia, commemorating Prince Vladimir of Kiev's mass conversion of his subjects, who were baptized in the Dnieper River in 988.
As both The Economist's editors and Franklin, a fellow of Clare Col- lege, Cambridge, point out, most Soviet Christians have had little reason to celebrate...

Znanie ("Knowledge"), a nominally private, but state-sponsored organization.
Church attendance has become more popular since Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985. Today, the Russian Orthodox Church has 6,800 churches, 6,000 priests, and an estimated 50 million members. (The sec- ond largest Christian denomination in the Soviet Union is the Roman Cath- olic, with 4.5 million members.)
Gorbachev's glasnost policies promise more open discussion of reli- gious issues. Some figures from...

Catherine Wilson, in Journal of the History of Ideas (Jan.-Mar. 1988), Temple Univ., Philadel-phia, Pa. 19122.
In 1691, English physicist Robert Hooke wrote that few scientists were using microscopes in their research. Hooke complained that his colleagues thought nothing more could be discovered with the microscope. Only ama- teurs were using the instrument, Hooke claimed, and then merely "for Diversion and Pastime."
Wilson, a philosopher at the University of Oregon, notes that many...

providing evidence of life unseeable the naked eye, microscopes, in Leibnitz's view, provided evidence of the exis- tence of "monads," the invisible particles that he believed were the basic building blocks of life.
Not until the 19th century were achromatic lenses perfected that could convey images without distortion. By then, however, the instrument's irn-portance was beyond dispute.
and Destiny "Daughters or Sons" by Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, in Natural History (Apr. 1988), Central...

Robert S. Root-Bernstein, in The Sciences (May-June 1988), New York Academy of Sciences, 2 East 63rd St., New York, N.Y. 10021.
A common truism about science is that many great discoveries occur as a result of fortunate accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), for ex- ample, is said to have discovered the bacteria-killing enzyme lysozyme (present in tears, mucus, and saliva) after drippings from his nose killed germs in a Petri dish Fleming was examining.
Such "accidents" have led...

Daniel
M.Bluestone, in American Quarterly (Winter 19871, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 701 West 40th St., Ste. 275, Baltimore, Md. 21211.
Most scholars have assumed that urban parks were established to satisfy city-dwellers eager to create pastoral oases in the middle of the bustling metropolis. For example, Lewis Murnford, in Sticks and Stones (1924), argued that such parks were designed as a "means of escape" from "the soiled, bedraggled works of man's creation."
Bluestone,...

carriage to produce what Olrn- sted described as a "concourse of animated life." The goal was not Arca- dia, but an attractive and diverting "spectacle."
Nor did the people who flocked to Prospect Park for concerts and ice cream seek unspoiled nature, according to Bluestone. He agrees with ar-chitect Horace Cleveland, who wrote in 1889 that "to the great mass of the so-called cultivated people, nature has no attraction except when aided the merest clap traps of fashionable...

Louis S. Richman, in Fortune (June 6, 1988), Time & Life Building, Rockefeller Center, New York,
N.Y. 10020.
For most of the 20th century, asbestos was known as a "wonder fiber." It could insulate and fireproof buildings and ships' hulls at low cost. But then, during the early 1970s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found asbestos to be carcinogenic.
Faced with some 90,000 lawsuits from workers exposed to the mate- rial, nearly a half-dozen asbestos manufacturers,...

leaving behind dangerous dust, make buildings less safe than they were before the "cleanup" began.
Richman believes that laws making building owners liable for "dubious health risks they had no part in creating" ensure one thing only: that the economic damage caused asbestos will vastly outweigh any health prob- lems it may cause.

ARTS & LETTERS
The of "'News, and New Things': Contemporaneity
and the Early English Novel" by J. Paul Hunter,
the in Critical Inq...

producing scores of journalistic pamphlets. Later writers, such as Sam- uel Richardson (1689-1761), presented their works of fiction, following the old pamphleteering tradition, as if they were "real." Thus Richardson's novel Pamela (1740) is presented as a collection of long-lost letters. Nov- elists also continued, in various ways, to practice journalism. Defoe and Henry Fielding (1707-1754) edited their own journals; Richardson headed the Stationers' Company, a London guild of newspaper,...

Wayne C. Booth, in Ethics (Jan. 1988), Univ. of Chicago Press, PO. Box 37005, Chicago, 111. 60637.
A popular notion among academics is that it is not possible to determine the true worth of anything. In literary criticism, this dogma leads to the contention that any statement-e.g., "Dickens and Dostoyevsky were great writersv'-is simply an expression of personal preference.
"Nowadays almost no one believes in the possibility of objective or
'correct' literary judgments," Oxford's...

Wayne C. Booth, in Ethics (Jan. 1988), Univ. of Chicago Press, PO. Box 37005, Chicago, 111. 60637.
A popular notion among academics is that it is not possible to determine the true worth of anything. In literary criticism, this dogma leads to the contention that any statement-e.g., "Dickens and Dostoyevsky were great writersv'-is simply an expression of personal preference.
"Nowadays almost no one believes in the possibility of objective or
'correct' literary judgments," Oxford's...

Peter

Stein, in Journal of Economic Growth (Vol. 2,
#4), 1615 H St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20062.
During the 1930s, Sweden's social democracy-offering a broad range of benefits financed the income of export-oriented rnanufacturers-be- came a model of the welfare state. But during the past 15 years, argues Stein, an economist at the Swedish Free Enterprise Foundation, the nation of eight million may have become a model for decline.
Sweden did not become industrialized until the 1870s. But the w...

Selig S. Hamson, in Foreign Affairs (Spring 1988),

 
Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th St.,

 
New York, N.Y. 10021.

The death of Taiwan's President Chiang Ching-kuo last January at age 77 could mark a turning point for that prospering island.
Chiang's chosen successor, former vice president Lee Teng-hui, 64, a Cornell-trained economist, inherits a healthy regime from Chiang: An an-nual growth rate of 13 percent, foreign exchange reserve...

Martha Abele Maclver, in Political Studies (Sept. 19871, Butterworths, 80 Montvale Ave., Stoneham, Mass. 02180.
For two decades, Northern Ireland's Rev. Ian Paisley, renowned head of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), has led the Protestant foes of in- creased local political power for minority Catholics. Whence does Paisley derive his opinions? MacIver, a political scientist at Occidental College, argues that Paisley's fierce ideology has its roots in the 16th century.
Paisley identifies closely...

Wad Georgescu,in Eastern Eure pean Politicsand societies (Winter 1988),Univ. of Calif. Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.
Four years ago, Vice President George Bush praised Romania's President Nicolae Ceaugescu as one of Eastern Europe's "good communists" striving for independence in foreign policy and economic reform. Today most out- siders consider his regime a black comedy: Romania produces cars but limits driving, restricts television programming to two hours per day,...

Reviews of new research at public agencies and private institutions
"Perspectives on the Reagan Years."
Urban Institute Press, 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Md. 20706. 215 pp. $24.95.

Editor: John L. Palmer
What will be the lasting effects of the Rea-
gan administration's domestic initiatives?
The authors of this collection of essays cri-
tique the policies that have characterized
the "Reagan Revolution."
Few of the efforts Ronald Reagan has made to abolish or establish f...

by Alan Macfarlane
Basil Blackwell, 1987
254 pp. $34.95

by Alasdair MacIntyre
Unk. of Notre Dame, 1988
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Harper, 1988
332 pp. $19.95

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Univ. of Chicago, 1988
168 pp. $14.95

by Elaine Pagels
Random, 1988
189 pp. $17.95

by Shoshana Zuboff
Basic, 1988
468 pp. $19.95

by M. Dorothy George
Viking, 1988
224 pp. $39.95

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Columbia, 1988
1263 pp. $59.95

by Robert Wright
Times Books, 1988
324 pp. $18.95

edited by Bonnie M. McCay and
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Univ. of Arizona, 1987
439 pp. $35