Jacob Ja-ither the vits, in Foreign Affairs (Fall 1985), Council
on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th St.,
New York, N.Y. 10021.
In November 1973, the U.S. Congress-reacting to America's recent troubles in an undeclared war in Indochina-sought to tighten its grip on future U.S. military commitments. The legislators passed the War Powers Act. It required the president to consult with Congress before introducing armed forces "into situations where imminent involve- ment in hostilities is clearly...

Sidney Ulmer, in
The Supreme Court? The Journal of Politics (Aug. 1985), The University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32611.
For at least 25 years, the U.S. Supreme Court has been accused of playing favoritesin civil liberties cases (involving issues of free speech, religion, privacy). Many legal scholars have claimed that in those cases posing a governmental litigant against an "underdog," the government side usually wins.
Are those who wage civil liberties battles against the U.S....

greed and self-interest, and his own national community, "a family where we care for each other."
"Progressive Liberalism and American
'Community'" William A. Schambra,
in The public ~nierest (Summer 1985). 10
mail Republics East 53rd St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
When Walter Mondale went down to defeat in the 1984 election, many political pundits (and Democrats) portrayed the voters' rejection of his campaign themeÃ?â??1'Le us be a community . . .knit together...

Kirsten Amundsen, in The
In Scandinavia Washington Quarterly (Summer 1985), 1800 K St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.
On October 27, 1981, a Soviet submarine ran aground near a Swedish naval base in the Karlskrona archipelago. The incident provided undeni- able evidence of Soviet underwater incursions in the Baltic Sea-unau- thorized "visits" that the Swedes had observed since the late 1960s.
Amundsen, a Norwegian journalist and Visiting Fellow at the Atlan- tic Council, sees a complex...

Western journalists), Stockholm has reported some 300 incursions "foreign" submarines.
working. The Swedes now treat such probes as "routine" and no longer openly protest to Moscow.
Norway and Sweden-with their long coastlines-are difficult to de- fend against invasion. Many Western strategists, Amundsen observes, regard the "Norwegian-Soviet border [as] . . . perhaps the weakest link in [the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's] defense lines in Europe." In case...

Shiite Moslems in other Arab states, as so many pundits have predicted. Rather, Iran will probably continue its current "open door" policy with the West, step- ping up trade with Canada, West Germany, and Japan. (In 1983-84, those nations accounted for more than 50 percent of Iran's exports and 70 percent of its imports.)
Relations between the United States and Iran are not beyond repair; Khomeini "is now determined to terminate Iran's pariah status in world affairs." Recently,...

1964, the stockpile had grown so large that President Lyndon B. Johnson decided that no more newly enriched uranium was needed. Since then, new warheads have been fashioned only from recy- cled materials.
Between 1956 and 1969, the United States repeatedly asked Moscow to agree on limits to the production of weapons-grade material. Those proposals went nowhere. The USSR then lagged way behind the United States in nuclear weaponry. Not until 1982, when the Soviets had caught up, did Foreign Minister...

huge trade and federal budget deficits. 1986 or '87, the red ink is likely to encourage higher interest rates, thus undermining U.S. economic growth. That would spell trouble for strug- gling Latin American countries.
Meanwhile, Brainard argues, bankers and politicians are deriving false comfort from the strong role that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has played in the crisis. While the IMF has helped to ar- range "stretched out" loan payments and is policing austerity mea- sures...

April 1983, only half of the jobless had found work; their median annual earnings were only $6,726. Yet, Sehgal says, "the foreign-born do not seem more likely than the U.S.-born to be recipients of government benefits." Only 13 percent of the immigrants reported receiving unemployment checks, food stamps, or other forms of federal assistance; among native Ameri- cans, the figure was 14 percent.
That recent arrivals should suffer economic hardship at first is not surprising. But Sehgal...

Wallace Peterson and Paul S.Es-tenson, in The Journal of Post Keynesian Recovery? Economics (Summer 1985), Rutgers Uni- versity, Winants Hall, New Brunswick,
N.J. 08903.
That the U.S. economy enjoyed a substantial recovery in 1983 is not in doubt. But how and why the economy rebounded have become hotly debated subjects among "supply-side" and Keynesian economists.
The Wilson QuarterlyIWinter 1985
20

PERIODICALS
ECONOMICS, LABOR, & BUSINESS
The Reagan administration cites the...

the Reagan White House in 198 1 advocated cutbacks in social programs, reduced govern- ment regulation, and tax cuts for individuals and Big Business. Rea- gan's goal: to put more people to work and increase productivity, business investment, and personal savings. Yet, despite a 1981 tax cut that reduced the marginal tax rate on median-income families from
27.7 to 25 percent (and on upper-income families from 42.5 to 38 per- cent), participation in the labor force increased only 0.6 percent. The...

1990 is no longer within reach. What happened?
Public health officials point to an upsurge in teen-age pregnancies (out-of-wedlock babies die at a higher rate) and cite increased tobacco, drug, and alcohol use among pregnant women. They also claim that improved medical care is merely postponing the deaths of some infants who in earlier times would have died before birth, their deaths classi- fied as naturally aborted pregnancies.
But Miller blames cuts in federal funding of food stamps, Medicaid,...

the Bangkok government. Many of them have relatives in California's Central Valley.
"Are Criminals Made or Born?" Richard J. Herrnstein and James Q. Wilson, in The New York Times Magazine (Aue. 4, 19851, 229 West 43rd St., New YO&, N.Y. 10036.
When sociologists grapple with the question "What turns people into criminals?" they usually point to one of two factors: social circum- stances or genetic inheritance.
Herein lies the problem, contend Herrnstein and Wilson, who...

Salamat Ali, in Far Eastern Economic Review (July 18, 1985), G.P.O. Box 160, Hong Kong.
The press in India, among the world's largest and oldest, is also one of the most troubled. Though "free" Third World standards, it is plagued by continual conflict with India's government.
The Indian public can turn to more than 19,000 newspapers and maga- zines, with a total circulation of roughly 51 million. Although no truly "national" newspaper exists, many of the nine major English-language...

Salamat Ali, in Far Eastern Economic Review (July 18, 1985), G.P.O. Box 160, Hong Kong.
The press in India, among the world's largest and oldest, is also one of the most troubled. Though "free" Third World standards, it is plagued by continual conflict with India's government.
The Indian public can turn to more than 19,000 newspapers and maga- zines, with a total circulation of roughly 51 million. Although no truly "national" newspaper exists, many of the nine major English-language...

pro-Palestinian groups protesting Israeli conduct of the war. The title of an August 5 front-page editorial even de- scribed the invasion as "An Enterprise Which Dares Not Speak Its Name." Many of Le Monde's editors were "clearly outraged" the Israeli bombings, although they made some effort to balance the news by offering background to the Arab-Israeli conflict and by paying "con- siderable attention to Israeli government views and the feelings of French Jews."
The...

the rule "no enemies on the Left," and was also active in the opposition to Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R.-Wis.), be- cause his "lies and indiscriminate accusations" were undermining ra- tional criticism of communism.
A staunch pragmatist in the tradition of American philosopher John Dewey (1859-1952), Hook held that scientific methods (i.e., inquiry and evaluation) should be applied to questions of value and social policies. Ideas, beliefs, and moral judgments must be tested analysis...

the rule "no enemies on the Left," and was also active in the opposition to Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R.-Wis.), be- cause his "lies and indiscriminate accusations" were undermining ra- tional criticism of communism.
A staunch pragmatist in the tradition of American philosopher John Dewey (1859-1952), Hook held that scientific methods (i.e., inquiry and evaluation) should be applied to questions of value and social policies. Ideas, beliefs, and moral judgments must be tested analysis...

modern life-rapidly disappearing, but the an- thropologists are virtually stepping on each other's toes to study those that remain. Whether in the highlands of New Guinea or Amazonia, re- searchers find "not just 'natives' and mud huts, but economists calcu- lating Gini coefficients, political scientists scaling attitudes . . . sociologists counting houses."
Such changes have outmoded the old dirt-under-the-toenails ap- proach to the study of foreign cultures that initially attracted...

Howard Jay
Chizeck, in Technology Review (JulyThe Injured 1985), Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, Bldg. 10, Cambridge, Mass.
02139.
Medical technology for victims of spinal injuries falls into two camps: what is available today, and what is on the drawing board.
Unfortunately, the media have blurred that distinction, offering in- formation to some but false hopes to others, argues Chizeck, who teaches biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University. The future is bright, he...

Howard Jay
Chizeck, in Technology Review (JulyThe Injured 1985), Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, Bldg. 10, Cambridge, Mass.
02139.
Medical technology for victims of spinal injuries falls into two camps: what is available today, and what is on the drawing board.
Unfortunately, the media have blurred that distinction, offering in- formation to some but false hopes to others, argues Chizeck, who teaches biomedical engineering at Case Western Reserve University. The future is bright, he...

PERIODICALS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Health, Education, and Welfare issued a report on in vitro fertilization, but the panel never dealt with the freezing of embryos. In 1982, then Rep. Albert Gore, Jr., (D.-Tenn.) headed a House subcommittee that held hearings on frozen embryo research but came to no conclusions. Consequently, note Grobstein and his fellow researchers at the Univer- sity of California, no firm federal guidelines were ever set. In addition, "a de facto ban on federal support...

PERIODICALS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Originally, Darwin (1809-82) explained evolution through natural selection, or "survival of the fittest." Animals randomly mate and pass on heritable characteristics. Those well suited to their environment survive; others die off.
But during the 1930s, a revised "synthetic" theory of evolution slowly displaced the original doctrine. Biologists affirmed Darwin's be- lief that current species share common ancestors but disagreed with the...

the U.S. Geological Survey. (Even these data are trouble- some, since samplers for the Survey are not designed to measure pollu- tion.) And industrial water pollution, the most dangerous, is monitored only the polluters themselves, who must report their own violations. The National Resources Defense Council found that 90 percent of 2,200 industries studied had exceeded their pollution quotas.
Stanfield suggests that centralized pollution monitoring would be well worth the money. In the words of...

IODICALS

RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT
Other scientists disagree. Arnold Schecter, an epidemiologist at the State University of New York, argues that the government's studies lacked adequate controls and failed to quantify the amount of TCDD (the most toxic compound in dioxin) to which the subjects were ex- posed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies TCDD as a "probable human carcinogen." In addition, many cancers have 15-year latency periods; the carcinogenic effects m...

authorities, kept their fiction in "the desk drawerM-to be read secretly and smuggled abroad. Only recently have many of those manuscripts been published in the West.
Despite the delays, contends Eberstadt, an American novelist, West- erners now have "a more comprehensive view of the state of culture and creative life in the Soviet Union than has been available . . . since the early '60s."
Eberstadt argues that most of the recent Soviet authors fall into three categories. First,...

Edward Roth- stein, in The New Republic (June 24, 1985), 1220 19th St. N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036.
The lives of musical geniuses are supposed to be filled with drama: bril- liant outbursts undermined alcoholism, mania, and syphillis. Or so the legends go.
But Johann Sebastian Bach, whose 300th birthday the world cele- brated this year, is a genuine exception, contends Rothstein, music critic for The New Republic. "Bach's life is considered stupefyingly ordi- nary," although his work...

Woodrow J. Kuhns, in East
European Quarterly (June 1985), 1200 Uni- InAfrica versity Ave., Boulder, Colo. 80309.
In the African arena, the Soviet Union has relied primarily on Cuba to further its aims with troops and advisers. Now, writes Kuhns, who taught political science at Pennsylvania State University, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has joined Cuba as the Soviet Union's key helper in African affairs.
In 1981, according to estimates the U.S. Department of Defense, the GDR had more than...

Woodrow J. Kuhns, in East
European Quarterly (June 1985), 1200 Uni- InAfrica versity Ave., Boulder, Colo. 80309.
In the African arena, the Soviet Union has relied primarily on Cuba to further its aims with troops and advisers. Now, writes Kuhns, who taught political science at Pennsylvania State University, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) has joined Cuba as the Soviet Union's key helper in African affairs.
In 1981, according to estimates the U.S. Department of Defense, the GDR had more than...

That proposal, notes Huan, a Visiting Fellow from China at the US. Atlantic Council, would allow the KMT in Taipei to "maintain its social and economic system, its armed forces, and its unofficial ties with for- eign countries." In return, Taipei must surrender its claim to represent all of China and agree to become a "special administrative region." Since signing a similar agreement in 1984 with Britain on Hong Kong's future, Deng has been eager to try this arrangement with...

by Roland Barthes
translated by Linda
Coverdale
Hill & Wang, 1985
368 pp. $24.95

by Walter A. McDougall
Basic, 1985
555 pp. $25.95

by Sydney W. Mintz
Viking, 1985
274 pp. $20

Denis Mack Smith unification-Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Knopf, 1985 Mazzini, and Camille de Cavour-Cavour
294 pp. $18.95 was perhaps the most unlikely. A cautious
liberal who believed economic unity should
precede political nationhood, he rarely left
his native Piedmont (the northern Italian
state that belonged to the Kingdom of Sardi-
nia) and spoke better French than Italian.
Mack Smith, an Oxford historian, chronicles
the life of this unlikely national hero. Born
into an aristocratic...

by Hugh Gregory Gallagher few
Dodd, 1985
250 pp. $16.95

by Nathaniel Davis
Cornell, 1985
480 pp. $24.95

suicide, Davis believes) and the toppling of his Unidad Popular (UP) regime the Chilean military. Suspicions of such involvement are justified. President Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger called Allende's 1970 victory at the polls a "serious threat"; accordingly, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) concocted two plans for removing the Marxist leader. U.S. firms, including Interna- tional Telephone and Telegraph, felt threat- ened by Allende's nationalization proposals. But Allende had...

by Jonathan Keates
St. Martin's, 1985
346 pp. $19.95

Jane Tompkins Oxford, 1985 236 pp. $22.95
The Wilson QuarterlyIWinter 1985
142
carefully interwoven themes. Handel had his roots in the burgher culture of his native Halle. His father, a surgeon-barber, wanted him to study law, but a local nobleman, hear- ing the 11-year-old boy play the organ, en- couraged him to develop his talent. He did. Keates follows the course of Handel's peripa- tetic career: early successes in Hamburg, where he befriended the gregarious Georg Philipp Telemann; a sojourn...

by Spiro Kostof
Oxford, 1985
788 pp. $45

by Heinz R. Pagels
Simon & Schuster, 1985
390 pp. $18.95

by Redmond O'Hanlon
Random, 1985
192 pp. $16.95

by Niles Eldredge
Simon & Schuster, 1985
240 pp. $16.95

A. Malamat, H. Tadmor, M. Stern, S. Safrai, H. H. Ben-Sasson, S. Ettinger. Harvard, 1985. 1,170 pp. $18.95
In the last quarter of the second mille- nium B.c., "with the collapse of the Hit- tite Empire to the north and the decline of Egyptian power to the south," condi- tions were ripe for the peoples of Syria and Palestine to rise up and establish themselves as nations. The Arameans did so in the north; in Palestine, the Israelites emerged victorious, taking over all lands "from...

By John E. Mueller. Univ.
Press of America, 1985.300 pp. $12.75

By Gertrude
Stein. Beacon, 1985.246 pp. $10.95