Edward R.
Kantowicz, in Journal of ~olic~
AnalysisTax Reform and Management (Winter 1985),John Wi-ley & Sons, 605 Third Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10158.
Tax reform is one of the perennial crusades of American politics.
Yet, despite all the rhetoric on Capitol Hill, the U.S. tax code has swelled to more than 1,000 incomprehensible pages. Now that Presi- dent Reagan has decided to pursue the elusive goal of tax reform, it is worth pondering where his predecessor went wrong.
For four years, President...

introducing major tax, energy, and other packages at the same time. Worse, Kan- towicz argues, Carter ignored his own sound political instincts. As he wrote in his 1975 campaign autobiography, Why Not the Best? "At-tempts to reform systems of cash management, taxation, health, wel- fare . . . are doomed unless they are bold and comprehensive. With small and incremental changes, there is an intense focusing of effort to oppose the change."
"The Role of Gender in Recent Presiden- The...

Election Day.
In any event, Bolce says, the real news is "the widespread alienation of white males from the national Democratic party." Reagan won 60 percent of white males' votes in 1980 and 66 percent in 1984. Their bed- rock party loyalties also seem to be shifting. In 1976,22 percent called themselves Republicans; 34 percent Democrats. 1984, some 36 per- cent were Republicans and 30 percent Democrats. National Democrats, Bolce believes, have their work cut out for them.
"State...

PERIODICALS
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
of a revival.
Their survey of 40 Republican and 30 Democratic state party chair- men suggests that the GOP is faring better. [Nevertheless, the Democrats hold 34 governorships, the Republicans only 16.1 More than half the Re- publican state party organizations report annual budgets above $500,000; the majority of their Democratic counterparts spend less than $250,000. All but a few of the chairmen say that their organizations re- tain full-time staff members,...

the can- didates and on "independent expenditures" noncampaign organizations.) A 1979 amendment permitted unlimited spending on grass roots activities by political parties. The result, unforeseen at the time, was a vast advantage for the Republicans, thanks to their fund- raising prowess. Ever since, Glen writes, both parties have been on guard against "hidden agendas" in reform proposals.
There is no shortage of reform ideas. But one that seems logical to some outside observers...

other means." Each major new weapons system-antiballistic missiles, multiple war-heads, the Strategic Defense Initiative-brings a new round of arms talks. Even when they "succeed," Draper writes, nuclear arsenals keep growing. Seeking "plain, simple, and sufficient" deterrence with a small number of nuclear weapons on each side is the only logical so- lution, in Draper's view. But until both sides decide they want it, he concludes, talks at Geneva are futile.
The Red Phone...

Don-Who Needs A ald Kagan, in The Public Interest (Winter 1985),20th & Northampton Sts., Easton,
Peace Institute? Pa. 18042.
Unnoticed amid all the legislation that Congress passed in its haste to adjourn last fall was a bill establishing a new United States Institute for Peace. The institute's mission: to subsidize research into the causes of war, to support public "peace education," and to train public offi- cials in "international peace and conflict resolution."
Kagan,...

human impulses-revenge, greed, wishful thinking-that can-not be measured statistics. The new Peace Institute, he predicts, will not just subsidize earnest academic thumb-twiddling but "will erode the forces of common sense, experience, and history that argue for a strong defense as a deterrent to war."
ICS, LABOR, & BUSINESS
'Do Large Deficits Produce High Inter- 'he Interest Rate est Rates?" by Paul Evans, in American Economic Review (Mar. 1985), 1313 21st Puzzle Ave. So.,...

Larry T. Adams, in Monthly Labor Review (Feb. 1985), Super-
For Big Labor intendent of Documents, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
For several years now, there has been nothing but bad news for leaders of organized labor. Yet, because the federal government stopped gath- ering national data on union membership after 1978, nobody was sure just how grim the tidings on union membership were.
Recently, reports Adams, a U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics econo- mist, Washington...

employers added to the impact; all told, 1.9 million union jobs disappeared.
More worrisome to organized labor is the fact that membership fell even in growing sectors of the economy. The payrolls of service indus- tries (e.g., health care, communications, and transportation) swelled nearly five million during the five-year period, but unions lost some 700,000 members. Up to half the losses were the result of federal dereg- ulation of the trucking and airline businesses, which spurred harsher competition...

"Losing Faith in 'Losing Ground'" by
Defending the Robert Greenstein, in The New Republic (Mar. 25, 1985), P.O. Box 955, Farming-
Great Society dale, N.Y. 11737-9855.
Twenty-three years ago, Michael Harrington fired the first shot of the War on Poverty with his expos6 of poverty, The Other America. Today, another book, Charles Murray's Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980, is providing plenty of ammunition for opponents of federal social welfare programs.
Murray's fact-laden...

the late 1970s. If it were not for the nation's erratic economic performance during the 1970s, Greenstein contends, the War on Poverty might have been won.
"Empirical Research on the Insanity De- fense" Henry J. Steadman, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Jan. 1985),Sage Publica- tions, 275 South Beverly D;., Beverly Hills, Calif. 90212.
In June 1984, President Reagan's would-be assassin, John Hinckley, Jr., was found not guilty by reason of insanity....

Steadman estimates that insanity pleas were entered in 0.17 percent of New York State's 127,068 felony cases in 1978.
Successful insanity defendants share certain characteristics. They are mostly male, white, middle-aged, and unmarried. The vast major- ity are either unskilled or unemployed. Their crimes vary from state to state: More than half of New York's criminally insane are murderers, but only one-quarter of New Jersey's are. Assault and burglary offenses are common; sex offenders account...

Pauline

Moffitt Watts, in American Historical Re-
view (Feb. 1985),400 A St. S.E., Washing-

ton, D.C. 20003.
"God made me the messenger of the new heaven and the new earth of which he spoke in the Apocalypse of Saint John . . . and he showed me the spot where to find it." So wrote Christopher Columbus in 1500, eight years after discovering the New World.
Columbus has gone down in history as a bold explorer and man of sci- ence who overcame the ignorance and superstition of his ti...

Maura Clancey and Michael J. Ro-
Campaign '84 binson, in Public Opinion (Dec.-Jan. and Feb.-Mar. 1985), American Enterprise In- stitute, 1150 17th St. N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036-9964.
Conservative commentators found much fault with the three major TV networks for anti-Reagan bias during the 1984 presidential campaign. Clancey and Robinson, researchers at the University of Maryland and George Washington University, respectively, see plenty of evidence that President Reagan did indeed come off...

Stephen Hess, in Society (Jan.-As 'Leakcraft' Feb. 1985), Box A, Rutgers-The State
University, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903.
The morning newspapers often set teeth gnashing in the White House. Leaks-disclosures of inside information-are the cause of this high- level angst; they are also an increasingly common part of life in official Washington.
The fact is, says Hess, a Brookings Institution Senior Fellow, most leaks are sprung the President's own political appointees, not by ca- reer civil servants...

a given disclosure. When reports that Libyan "hit squads" had been dispatched to make an attempt on President Reagan's life surfaced in December 1981, New York Times columnist William Safire concluded that it was a White House ploy to publicize Muammar Qaddafi's "export of terrorism." No, replied Joseph Kraft in the Washington Post, the Reagan administration was too fearful of up- setting the planned withdrawal of Libyan troops from Chad to risk pub- licity that would anger Qaddafi.
A...

this definition, Clor notes, the Marquis de Sade would qualify as an admirable man. As if to answer, Mill, in his 1861 essay Utilitarian-ism, distinguished between higher and lower human pursuits, with such aberrations as the Marquis's falling into the lower realm.
But Mill never showed how a society governed the principles of On Liberty would encourage citizens to pursue "higher" pleasures. In fact, Clor says, Mill never really grappled with the reality that many people, given a choice,...

a sharp anti-Semitic bias. What the Revised Standard Bible renders as "we were slaves to the elemental spirits of the universe," for exam- ple, The Book gives as "We were slaves to Jewish laws and rituals." A more recent effort the National Council of Churches to remove "sexist" language from the Scriptures has produced its own share of problems. "For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son" thus becomes "For God so loved the world that God gave...

Harriet Ritvo, in BioScience (Nov. 1984), 1401 Wilson Blvd., Arling- ton, Va. 22209.
"The word vivisection has an old-fashioned ring, and antivivisectionist is even more suggestive of quixotic Victorian crusades," writes the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology's Ritvo. Yet, protests against the use of live animals in scientific research have been growing in recent years.
The origins of antivivisectionism actually predate the Victorian era. 1780, a number of Evangelical clergymen...

infecting healthy rabbits with the disease. Even though a rabies epidemic had taken 79 English lives in 1877, revulsion against Pas- teur's method sparked a public outcry against use of his vaccine. Within 20 years, however, the role of animal experimentation in the conquest of such deadly diseases as diphtheria deprived antivivisec- tionism of broad popular support.
Today's most vocal animal-rights protesters in Britain and the United States, like their Victorian predecessors, doubt the value...

natural selection. But such stories are not part of science, for there is no way of putting them to the test."
Many evolutionists admit that taxonomy has, in the past, been a bit slipshod; few make such sweeping statements as "mammals evolved from reptiles" anymore. (Cladists assert that reptiles, like invertebrates, refers to no real group of animals.) Still, evolutionists say, Darwin must be right: If one agrees that all organisms have parents and that there was once a time when...

Congress in 1980, the Synthetic Fuel Corporation subsidizes private companies producing synfuel (e.g., oil from shale and tar sands). Its annual budget: $8 billion. But despite the subsidies, today's temporary oil glut has rendered current synfuel technology uneconomi- cal. Many private companies have closed down their synfuel plants. What was needed all along, Landsberg argues, was federal financing for research-and-development efforts.
Washington has enjoyed a few successes. The Strategic Petroleum...

Donald Hall, in The American Scholar (Winter 1984-85). 181 1 Q St. N.W., washington, D.C. 20009:
When the great Irish poet William Butler Yeats toured the American college circuit during the 1930s, he did not read his verse aloud. In- stead, he delivered lectures on "Three Great Irishmen."
Poetry just was not commonly read aloud. Today, says Hall, himself a poet, things are different. The public reading "has become the chief form of publication for American poets. Annually, hundreds...

its full title,.Awangernent in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Painter's Mother.
"From Clapham to Bloomsbury : A Gene-A Dead End alogy of Morals" Gertrude Himmel-
farb, in Commentary (Feb. 1985), 165 East In Bloornsbury 56th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
The Bloomsbury group is enshrined in the literary imagination as an early 20th-century coterie of brilliant and somewhat eccentric British artists, writers, and intellectuals. Himmelfarb, a historian at New York's City University, sees...

stealth."
Earlier "reform-mongers" include Japan's 19th-century Meiji Em- peror, Turkey's Kemal Ataturk, and France's Charles de Gaulle: Ac- cording to Stultz, such reformers "rig" the political process "in such a way that 'progressives' think they are choosing between the prof- fered reforms and the status quo, while 'conservatives' concurrently are persuaded to see the choice as between what is being suggested and revolution."
Is that what President P. W. Botha...

Leigh H.Divided Cyprus Bruce, in Foreign Policy (Spring 1985),
P.O. Box984, Farmingdale, N.Y. 11737.
Tiny Cyprus is one of the modern world's perennial trouble spots. Eleven years after Turkish troops invaded and carved out a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the situation is as volatile as ever, reports Bruce, a Christian Science Monitor correspondent.
Settled Greeks, the island was taken over by the Ottoman Empire in 1571 and passed into British hands in 1878. Under Ottoman rule, Turkish settlers arrived...

then, Makarios favored an indepen- dent Cyprus rather than union with Greece, and the newly installed military junta in Athens backed General Grivas's attempts to under- mine his old ally. In July 1974, pro-enosis, Greek-backed forces in Cy- prus toppled Makarios, sparking Turkey's military invasion.
Stalemate has prevailed ever since. Some 30,000 Turkish troops now occupy about a third of the island. Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denk- tash is busily engaged in establishing an independent state;...

1978 there were 11 1. Cou-ples who produce, say, three sons stop having children, but those with three daughters continue until they get boys.
The Freeds have little faith that either further economic progress or the creation of a social security program would stem India's population growth. "Indians do not believe that the government or anyone but their sons will take care of them when they are old." Yet, if Indians do not change voluntarily, the Freeds say, the government may feel com-...

by Maurice G. Baxter
Harvard, 1984
646 pp. $25

by Henry Ashby Turner, Jr.
Oxford, 1985
504 pp. $25

edited by Paul Rabinow
Pantheon, 1985, 390 pp.
$19.95 cloth; $9.95 paper

by Richard Marius
Knopf, 1984
562 pp. $22.95

adultby
Joshua Meyrowitz
Oxford, 1985
416 pp. $22.50

by Richard Madsen
Univ. of Calif., 1985
283 pp. $24.50

by Stan Luxenberg
Viking, 1985
313 pp. $17.95

by Carman St. John Hunter
and David Hal-man
McGraw-Hill, 1985
224 pp. $8.95

by Lionel Abel
Norton, 1984
304 pp. $17.95

by Michael North
Univ. of Va., 1984
222 pp. $16.95

by John DeFrancis
Univ. of Hawaii, 1984
330 pp. $20

by William H. Gass
Simon & Schuster, 1985
288 pp. $17.95

by Richard P. Feynman
(with Ralph Leighton)
edited by Edward
Hutchings
Norton, 1985
350 pp. $16.95

by Evelyn Fox Keller
Yale, 1985
176 pp. $17.95

Edited by Stephen Berg. Avon,
1985.326 pp. $9.95

By Alice Miller. Farrar, 1984.284
pp. $8.95

Edited by John F. Reiger. Univ. of Okla.,
1985.182 pp. $7.95