Peter Stein-
fels, in Esquire (Feb. 13, 1979), P.O. Box 2961.Boulder,Colo.80321.
A "neoconservative" movement, born in reaction to the turmoil of the
1960s, is taking center stage in American politics, writes Steinfels, ex-ecutive editor of Commonweal. The neoconservatives "are setting the agenda for our national political life, laying down the ground rules for public discussion."
Neoconservatism has no place for social turbulence, political con-flict, or cultural experimentation....

John Edward Wiltz, in
Milirur?~ Affui~~z (Dec. 1978), Eisenhowel-
Hall, Kansas State University, Manhat-
tan, Kans. 66506.
The Wake Island meeting between President Harry S Truman and Gen-
eral of the Army Douglas MacArthur on October 15, 1950, has occupied an important niche in the literature of the Korean War and in sub-sequent controversy involving the two men.
The purpose of the meeting, says Wiltz, a historian at Indiana Uni-
versity, was not to settle U.S. policy toward Taiwan or win...

Neal R. Peilce

ofkibevalisn2
and Jerl·~ HagstrDm,in Natio,lui Joun?ul(Dec. 30, 1978), 1730 M St. N.W., Wash-

 
ington,
D.C.
20036.

New citizen action organizations are springing up to represent the interests of low- and middle-income people at the state and local level. Collectively, "they are the liberal counterpart of the 'New Right'," say Peirce and Hagstrom, contributing editors of Natiolzal Jolln·2al.
The...

Jose A. Cabranes, in Fo,·eigM Policy
~i~g2ect jl~V~tl;r:P:~~~,.984.

PO Bar Farming
From 1952 until the mid-1970s, Puerto Rico (population 3.2 million) prospered under its Commonwealth relationship with the United States. In 1975, however, the island's economy, which had become closely tied to that of the United States, almost collapsed. The "Opera- tion Bootstrap" boom, built on cheap labor and U.S. capital, was ended worldwide recession and foreign competition.
Today, wri...

a Senator is currently screened the Department of Justice, the FBI, and the Committee on the Federal Judi-ciary of the American Bar Association and must pass muster with the Attorney General and the President. Finally, the President's nominee must be confirmed by the Senate, where the Judiciary Committee ac-tively seeks public comment.
The reformers' charge that judicial recommendations by elected offi-cials are subject to the abuses of partisan politics is unfounded, says Stevenson, because "there...

Thomas Jefferson as "the wisest in-vention ever devised the wit of man for the perfect exercise of self- government."
Only in Vermont has the town meeting retained much vitality; at-tendance stays high despite the fact that the towns have been steadily losing power to the state government. On the average, about one-quarter of a town's registered voters attend an annual town meeting lasting some 3 hours and 25 minutes. About 37 percent of those present speak. Attendance and participation...

the decision-makers, not the professionals who gather information and analyse it, writes Betts, research associate at the Brookings Institution.
Washington's failure to anticipate the Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor in 1941, for example, occurred both because evidence of the impending attack did not flow efficiently up the chain of command and because the evidence contradicted existing strategic assumptions. Pearl Harbor led eventually to the establishment of a Watch Committee and National...

projecting U.S. views onto the Soviets, they have underesti-mated the difficulties of achieving gentline strategic stability and over-estimated what has been and can be achieved through Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).
Worst of all, Ermarth concludes, Americans' excessive confidence in strategic stability has encouraged Moscow to pursue a more assertive foreign policy. The United States should now deemphasize "stability" and develop a more dynamic strategic doctrine of its own.
IS...

others, says Wildavsky. It is the natural reaction of "a satisfied superpower happy to hold on and un-
willing to act except when provoked." The United States acts like a defensive power because it is a defensive power.

~~ Except for supplanting Soviet influ-
ence in Egypt after the 1973 Arab-
Richard M. Niron Israeli war, Nixon took no actions that put the United States in a stronger position than it was before.
Can defensiveness provide a sound defense? Not in the long run, W...

the enemy.
The Fragile "Western Europe's Relations with the
United States" Uwe Nerlich, in
artnershfp Daedalus (Winter 1979), 165Allandale St., Jamaica Plain Station, Boston, Mass. 02130.
The reconstruction of postwar Western Europe and the creation of the Atlantic Alliance (1949) were historic achievements of American foreign policy, even though they were more the result of improvisation than of any grand design.The Alliance brought an awkward dependence on
U.S. nuclear power, but...

Suzanne Bereer, in TheJournal of TheIn-
P\M Mi/itant/ilute for ~ocioeconomic studies (Winter 1978), Airport Road, White Plains, N.Y. 10604.
U.S. officials have already discovered that millions of illegal aliens
provide a vast pool of low-cost labor for menial work that unemployed
Americans refuse to do. Western Europe is learning that foreign labor
poses serious problems for the future.
Despite rapidly rising unemployn~ent, says Berger, M.I.T. political
scientist, 7 million immigrants...

unemployed nationals. In France, the status of 420,000 Algerian mi- grants is protected treaty. Moreover, under existing EEC legislation, migrants from one Common Market country working in another cannot be sent home. West European governments are reluctant to send mi- grants back to Spain and Portugal for fear of creating turmoil in those fragile new democracies that might destabilize the rest of Europe.
The children of these migrants are likely to be a volatile problem when they reach working...

continental European and Japanese multi- nationals and their development of sophisticated technology and managerial skills. The quadrupling of oil prices OPEC countries also gave a great boost to the demand for energy-saving products and proc- esses that were already on hand in resource-short Europe and Japan.
What about the future? U.S. multinationals must now compete with a variety of new trading companies, import houses, and retailers to provide private investment capital, technology, and marketing...

farmers to consumers, tougher antitrust enforcement, graduated corporate income taxes, and a limit on the tax deduction for advertising expenditures.

RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
Defining Religion "Governnlent and the Church" Charles
M. Whelan, in America (Dec. 16, 1978) 106
W. 56th St., New York, N.Y. 10019.
The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently interpreted the Constitution as creating three categories of religious exemptions: the mandatory, the permissible, and the forbidden.
The e...

Hugh Trevor-Roper, in The Triu?EPhant American Scholar (Winter 1978/79), 181 1 Q St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009.
Saint Thomas More (1478-1535) has never been so venerated: Henry VIII and his counselor Thomas Cromwell are damned for beheading him; Yale has undertaken a "More project" to reissue his complete writings (his collected works have been unpublished since the mid-16th century); and a famous play and award-winning film lionize him as "A Man For All Seasons."
But it...

Richard W. Smith, in Change School TV (Dee.-Jan. 1978/79), NEW Tower, New Rochelle, N.Y. 10801.
Educational television was launched with great expectations 25 years ago, prompted in part a shortage of grade school and college level teachers. Today, both closed-circuit TV in the classroom and instruc- tional TV intended for home audiences have yet to catch hold.
Its supporters contend that the new technology was sabotaged by teachers' unions in the grade schools and by the intellectual snobbery...

Hans Linde, in
The Center Magazine (Jan.-Feb. 19791, Box
4068, Santa ~arbara, Calif. 93103.
The continuing conflict between the courts and the news media is often said to result from two conflicting constitutional rights-the First Amendment right of the press to be free to publish without censorship and to protect its news sources and the Sixth Amendment right of an accused person to a fair trial.
This is a fallacy; these two constitutional rights are not in conflict at all, argues Oregon...

Hans Linde, in
The Center Magazine (Jan.-Feb. 19791, Box
4068, Santa ~arbara, Calif. 93103.
The continuing conflict between the courts and the news media is often said to result from two conflicting constitutional rights-the First Amendment right of the press to be free to publish without censorship and to protect its news sources and the Sixth Amendment right of an accused person to a fair trial.
This is a fallacy; these two constitutional rights are not in conflict at all, argues Oregon...

IODICALS

PRESS & TELEVISION
have compromised press independence; however, government aid has
not improved the circulation of weaker newspapers.
In West Germany, where the government of Chancellor Helmut
Schmidt has been debating press subsidy plans, conservative pub-
lishers (including Axel Springer, who owns Die Welt and many other
papers and controls 25 percent of the country's daily newspaper circu-
lation) have opposed direct government aid in favor of tax concessions
and an opportunity f...

? Or do they use the CB radios in-
stalled in their trucks and autos merely to warn each other of police
speed traps?
Distinguishing between the fanatical devotee and the casual user, sociologists Kerbo, of California Polytechnic State University, and Hol- ley, of Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and Marshall, a psy- chologist at the Carl Albert Mental Health Center, McAlester, Okla., studied CB enthusiasts through questionnaires, interviews, and obser- vation at "CB breakers,"...

? Or do they use the CB radios in-
stalled in their trucks and autos merely to warn each other of police
speed traps?
Distinguishing between the fanatical devotee and the casual user, sociologists Kerbo, of California Polytechnic State University, and Hol- ley, of Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and Marshall, a psy- chologist at the Carl Albert Mental Health Center, McAlester, Okla., studied CB enthusiasts through questionnaires, interviews, and obser- vation at "CB breakers,"...

Charles F. Westoff, in Sci-Growth eutific ~merican (Dec. 1978),41 5 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Most of the world's developed countries are now approaching zero population growth, and, if present trends continue, the populations of Europe and Russia will begin to decline at the turn of the century. The population of the United States will stop growing at a total of about 253 million in the year 2015.
The drop in population growth, says Westoff, director of population research at Princeton,...

Charles F. Westoff, in Sci-Growth eutific ~merican (Dec. 1978),41 5 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Most of the world's developed countries are now approaching zero population growth, and, if present trends continue, the populations of Europe and Russia will begin to decline at the turn of the century. The population of the United States will stop growing at a total of about 253 million in the year 2015.
The drop in population growth, says Westoff, director of population research at Princeton,...

the power plant.
Such analysis may also help in the diagnosis and treatment of dis- ease. Children with cystic fibrosis, for example, have as much as five times the normal concentrations of sodium in their hair. And victims of juvenile-onset diabetes have below-normal concentrations of chro- mium, suggesting that hair analysis might be used in screening poten- tial diabetics.
The presence or absence of certain amounts of trace elements is also related to certain learning disabilities and mental...

a "rural proletariat" living on "collec- tive and corporate farms under central bureaucratic management."
"Burning Darwin to Save Marx" Tom
Bethell, in Harper's (Dec. 1978), 1255
Portland PI., Boulder, Colo. 80321.
Ever since Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution more than 100 years ago, he has been attacked, more and more feebly, by religious fundamentalists. But what the literal interpreters of the Bible have been unable to dislodge from the century's...

Daniel
G. Freedman, in Human Nature (Jan. 1979), P.O. Box 10702, Des Moines, Iowa 50340.
Newborn babies of different ethnic groups exhibit remarkable differ- ences in temperament and behavior.
Freedman, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago, and Harvard pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton developed the Cambridge Be- havioral and Neurological Assessment Scales. These are a group of simple tests of basic human reactions that could be administered to any normal newborn in a hospital nursery....

rank^. Turner, in Isis (Sept. 1978),
Parson-N~/uYQ& Science History Publications, 156 Fifth
1830, discoveries in geology, physics, biology, and other sciences had begun to challenge traditional British theological beliefs.
These developments soon sparked bitter feuds between clergymen and scientists in late Victorian England. But the real controversy, says Turner, a Yale historian, arose from the professionalization of British science and the struggle for control of education. On one side,...

D. M. Lavigne, in Queen's Quar- Symbolism terly (Autumn 1978), Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6.
The fate of the harp seal, Canada's most publicized wildlife species, has become the subject of a complex and emotional debate between seal hunters and environmental groups. Since the early 1960s, North Ameri- can conservationists have campaigned vigorously to abolish the early spring seal hunt in the northwest Atlantic, focusing on the clubbing to death of white-pelted harp seal...

Ralph L. Keeney, Ram B. Kulkarni,
and Keshaven Nair, in TechnologyReview (Oct. 1978), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02 139.

NOWEfqergy S~U~~S
With demand for natural gas on the increase and domestic production on the wane, the United States may be importing as much as 1.6 trillion cubic feet of gas per year 1985 (100 times the current rate), according to industry predictions.
For shipment by sea (from Algeria, for example), the gas can be con- verted to a liquid tha...

Ralph L. Keeney, Ram B. Kulkarni,
and Keshaven Nair, in TechnologyReview (Oct. 1978), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02 139.

NOWEfqergy S~U~~S
With demand for natural gas on the increase and domestic production on the wane, the United States may be importing as much as 1.6 trillion cubic feet of gas per year 1985 (100 times the current rate), according to industry predictions.
For shipment by sea (from Algeria, for example), the gas can be con- verted to a liquid tha...

discouraging efficient production-in order to pro- vide low-cost food to politically volatile city dwellers.
Wealthy, industralized countries respond to Third World food prob- lems on the basis of domestic politics and economic self-interest (e.g., controlling the home market for commodities like rice and sugar to protect their own producers). The Western nations have cut their finan- cial aid to Third World agriculture since 1975 and have still not estab- lished an international system of grain...

the mid-1980s or early 1990s, "when the specter of imminent oil shortages begins to haunt the world," pressures for major advances in the real price of oil can only grow.
It is essential, Levy argues, that the oil-exporting and oil-importing countries work constructively together to help the OPEC nations use their oil revenues wisely and to maintain a pricing system that will not endanger the non-communist world's economic and political system. "We cannot much longer afford a situation...

Diana Tril-
ling, in Partisan Review (no. 4, 1978), Bos-
ton University, 19 Deerfieid St., Boston,
Mass. 02215.
A new presence has arrived on the literary scene, says critic Trilling. This is the liberated heroine, "a fictional creation whose first concern is the exploration and realization of female selfhood."
No sudden apparition, she has been evolving throughout literary his- tory. From Clytemnestra and Antigone, to Henry James's Isabel Archer and the modern creations of Joan...

Stephen J. Whitfield, in The South Atlantic Quarterly (Autumn 1978), Duke University Press, P.O. Box 6697, College Station, Durham, N.C. 27708.
In his Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) tells of scoring a propaganda success "among the powdered heads of Paris" simply refusing to wear a wig while serving as Ambassador to France from the rebellious American colonies. One and a half centuries later, Black Muslim leader Malcolm X abandoned attempts to tame his kinky red- dish hair...

the grandeur of Mecca during
his 1964 pilgrimage, he was frustrated the Arabs' passivity ex-
pressed in the phrase insha Allah ("God willing"). Like Franklin, he
believed in self-help as well as self-control.
Never mind that these three autobiographies have the usual errors
and omissions, says Whitfield (even the editors of the standard Yale
edition report that Franklin's Autobiography is "not notably accurate").
They stand as fascinating testaments to the belief that...

the introduction of mass vasectomy camps and liberalization of abor- tion laws. Major incentives for sterilization (e.g., payment of as much as 60 rupees in some areas) brought dramatic results: vasectomies jumped from 1.6 million in 1968 to 3.1 million in 1973. But red tape hampered the effort to provide inexpensive, legal abortions.
In April 1975, Indira Gandhi decided on a coercive approach, raising the legal age of marriage and pressuring men to submit to sterilization. The number of forced...

!Chestnm st., Philadelphia Pa. 19I&

ss Wealth 541 North fÃ?§lriÃ?Ë?uCt., Chicago, 111.
60611.
~ith

thehigneatannualpercapitaincometabout$16,000)in them&
trialized Wd, Switzerland enjoys an enviably law employment rate (03 percent ofthe labor force) and a carmmer price index that creeps up at less than I percent a year. Suchfactors have made the Swiss franctheworld'ss-;but nowthat very strength,wrim Fmw -t ?=-,?a mte a -tic economiccrisis.
WhenPresidentCartermewed to rescuethe toNovember 1978, t...

Koji Taira, in Current History (Nov. 1978), 4225 Main St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19127.
When the OPEC countries quadrupled their oil prices in 1973, many economists believed that energy-poor Japan would be ruined. Now, five years later, Japan has weathered an economic slump and finds itself in an enviable international position. Its annual GNP is growing again at a healthy 5 or 6 percent after regressing in 1974 and, most surprising, Japan registered an $1 1 billion trade surplus in 1977 after showing...

by Edmund S. Morgan
Norton. 1975, 464 pp.
$11.95 cloth, $3.95 paper
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