switching to water-based asphalt, thus allowing construction of an oil refinery in Portsmouth.
Performance standards also leave industries free to reach regulatory goals in their own way. The Occupational Safety and Health Adminis- tration last year dropped 900 specific workplace regulations and re- placed them with broad standards.
Information approaches are used the Federal Trade Commission and other agencies; the idea is that if consumers are given enough information about a product (e.g.,...
a strike in 1952. The Supreme Court overturned the action (in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) on the grounds that Truman acted without required congressional sanction. Later, President Nixon declared national emergencies to thwart a postal strike in 1970 and to impose import quotas during a 197 1 "international monetary crisis."
Roused administration mismanagement of the Vietnam War and by Watergate, Congress sought to regain some of its lost authority in 1973. A Senate subcommittee...
Richard L. Cole and David A. Caputo, in The American Politi- cal Science Review (June 1979), 1527 New Hampshire Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
Richard Nixon, more than any other recent U.S. President, tried to strengthen White House influence over the federal bureaucracy manipulating Civil Service hiring and firing practices.
When a Democratic Congress balked at Nixon's "new federalism" programs-e.g., general revenue sharing and welfare reform-during his first term (1969-73), the...
1976, the proportion of high-level civil servants listing themselves as Republican was only 16 percent-with self-styled Democrats at 38 percent and Independents at 46 percent.
Nonetheless, in that year, a majority (60 percent) of all top federal managers surveyed favored the administration's New Federalism phi- losophy. "A considerable reservoir of potential presidential support,' the authors conclude, exists among "independent" civil servants who are generally willing to accommodate...
Moscow to drill for Sibe- rian oil could prove a thankless task for the United States, says Cobb. Americans should not place too much faith in the Kremlin's promises of future oil in return. Yet, he observes, U.S. "economic influence" in the form of technical aid for Russian energy programs could yield diplo- matic advantages. Washington should resist the temptation to apply economic leverage blatantly (e.g., freedom for Jewish dissidents in ex- change for oil drills). But economic pressure...
Lucian W. Pye, in Interna-for China? tional Security (Summer 1979), The MIT
Press (Journals), 28 Carleton St., Cam- bridge, Mass. 02142.
Since their break with Moscow in the early 1960s, the communist Chinese have been practicing "Chicken Little" diplomacy, writes Pye, a political scientist at MIT.
They have issued shrill warnings regarding Soviet intentions, charg- ing, in effect, "that NATO is about to be tested and is likely to be found wanting, that Japan should prepare more...
IODICALS
FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
Chairman Hua Guofeng has placed "modernization" of the military among Peking's four top goals (together with modernization of agricul- ture, industry, and science and technology). But to procure even a "rudimentary defense capability" Peking would have to invest the im- possibly high sum of $10 billion a year for several years. The Chinese army, Pye writes, still relies primarily on 1950s-era hardware; the air force, equipped with aging S...
both civilian and military advisers, recently declassified government records show that the reasons for their support differed greatly.
As early as December 1945, intelligence reports to the Joint Chiefs of Staff indicated that U.S. conventional forces, rapidly demobilized after World War 11, were barely strong enough to defend the Western Hemi- sphere, even as they occupied Japan and West Germany. Soviet troops, however, were judged capable of taking most of Western Europe, the Persian Gulf, Korea,...
Robert A. Ells~vorth, in the JOCLI-I~~of1l4uriiitize Lmt~ (ii?d Coii7- iiiuce (July 19791, Jcfferso~i Law Book
Co., P.0, Box
1936, Cincinnati, Ohio
45201.
More competition in the U.S. n~erchant shipping industry (advocated officials of the Justice Departnwnt's Antitrust Division) will neither
increase efficiency nor reduce shipping rates.
The very nature of the dry-cargo business precludes no1-rna1 con- petitive conditions, writes Ells...
Raymond Vei-non, in Foreign Em-Wm Trade Affairs (Summer 1979), P.O. Box 2315, Boulder, Colo. 80322.
Growing East-West trade will eventually cause friction in the West and
undeserved financial gains for East Europe's communist regimes.
So contends Vernon, an economist at Harvard Business School. The
inequities inherent in trade between market-based and government-
controlled economies increase with the volume of transactions. (Over
the past 15 years, annual East-West trade has grown from $3.5...