farmers to consumers, tougher antitrust enforcement, graduated corporate income taxes, and a limit on the tax deduction for advertising expenditures.
RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
Defining Religion "Governnlent and the Church" Charles
M. Whelan, in America (Dec. 16, 1978) 106
W. 56th St., New York, N.Y. 10019.
The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently interpreted the Constitution as creating three categories of religious exemptions: the mandatory, the permissible, and the forbidden.
The e...
Washington on Mideast matters; 30,000 Americans work in the arid kingdom on economic and military projects; 10,000 young Saudis study at universities in the United States. Even so, the Saudis remain a bit of a mystery, with their Islamic conservatism, their Bedouin ways, their quiet use of dollar di- plomacy in Africa and the Arab states. Here William Rugh re- views the kingdom's epic past and uncertain future; John Duke Anthony examines Saudi Arabia's cautious foreign policy; and David Long looks...
, the non- communist world's No. 1 oil producer, to the economic health of the West. Five years later, the Saudis are among the first to be consulted by Washington on Mideast matters; 30,000 Americans work in the arid kingdom on economic and military projects; 10,000 young Saudis study at universities in the United States. Even so, the Saudis remain a bit of a mystery, with their Islamic conservatism, their Bedouin ways, their quiet use of dollar di- plomacy in Africa and the Arab states. Here William...
as the world's pre-eminent Arab state stems mainly from the 1973 oil embargo. What outsiders perceived as a sudden occurrence, however, had in fact been evolving gradually over a period of several years. Indeed, the kingdom, under the leader- ship of King Faisal (r. 1964-75), had been playing a growing role in Arab summit gatherings since the disastrous June 1967 war against Israel.
By the end of 1967, the Saudis had patched up differences with Egypt that had led the two nations to lock horns...
is sitting on one-quarter of the world's oil. Of the globe's oil producers, it has the greatest potential for sustained, large-scale expansion of production capacity-the amount of oil it could be pumping. The kingdom's production capacity has been increasing steadily for some time. Between 1960 and 1977, the Saudi share of OPEC production doubled; Saudi Arabia also accounted for 40 percent of the total increase in world produc- tion between 1970 and 1977. Some 20 percent of U.S. oil imports come...
P. M. Holt et al. (Cambridge, 1970, 2 vols., cloth; 1977, 4 vols., paper). This work, hailed British and Ameri- can scholars, is a target of a slashing new attack on studies of Islam by Westerners. In Orientalism (Pan-theon, 1978), Edward W. Said, a Co- lumbia University professor of com- parative literature and winner of the first (1 976) Lionel Trilling Award for
The Wilson QuarterlyWinter 1979
92
criticism, writes that "none of the innumerable Orientalist texts on Is- lam, including their...
Black people in the United States are usually referred to as a more or less homogeneous group-by sociologists, newsmen, government officials, even their own leaders. But the history of black Americans is really the history of three distinct groups, whose descendants have very different incomes and occu- pations, and even different fertility rates, in the 20th century.
The first of these groups is the ante-bellum "free persons of color," who in the 1830s constituted 14 percent of the...
the editors, following an introduction the Smithsonian Institution's Paul Forman.
by Paul Forman
Albert Einstein comwosed tributes to manv individuals but to only three men he hadnever met-~ohannei~e~ler
(d.
1630), who formulated the laws of planetary motion; Isaac Newton (d. 1727), who derived those laws from general dynamic principles and a law of universal gravitation; and James Clerk Maxwell
(d.
1879), who, by a mathematical formulation of Michael Fara- day's concept of a physica...
Albert Einstein comwosed tributes to manv individuals but to only three men he hadnever met-~ohannei~e~ler
(d.
1630), who formulated the laws of planetary motion; Isaac Newton (d. 1727), who derived those laws from general dynamic principles and a law of universal gravitation; and James Clerk Maxwell
(d.
1879), who, by a mathematical formulation of Michael Fara- day's concept of a physical state pervading all matter and space (a "field"), obtained the laws of electromagnetism. For Ei...
It is just two hundred years ago that Newton closed his eyes. We feel impelled at such a moment to remember this brilliant genius, who determined the course of Western thought, research, and practice like no one else before or since. Destiny placed him at a turning point in the history of the human intellect: Before Newton, there existed no self-contained system of physical causality that was somehow capable of representing any of the deeper features of the empiri- cal world.
If',' , .. ,, -Newton's...