~andyE.
Bamett, in Humane Studies Review (WinterAmendment 1987-88), Institute for Humane Studies, 4400
University Dr., Fairfax, Va. 22030.
Over the years, most of the 10amendments in the Bill of Rights have been extensively debated, in and out of the courts. Yet the Ninth Amendment, which states that rights not enumerated in the Constitution are "retained the people," remains relatively untested. It has never been used to decide a Supreme Court case. Today some conservatives (e.g.,...

the Eter- nal, you'll sink me with you."

"The 'Van Buren Jinx': Vice Presidents Need Not Beware" George Sugiovanni, in Presi-
As Candidates dential Studies Quarterly (Winter 1988), Cen- ter for the Study of the Presidency, 208 East 75th St., New York, N.Y. 10021.
As George Bush continues his drive for the White House, he faces a barrier that has long seemed all but insurmountable: the "VanBuren jinx." The last sitting vice president to be elected chief executive was M...

Southern Democrats in a party split that enabled Abraham
Lincoln to lead his Republicans to victory. Charles Fairbanks was so dis-
liked his boss, Theodore Roosevelt, that in 1908 TR swung the G.0.R
nomination to his secretary of war, William Howard Taft.
The vice presidents' fortunes, Sirgiovanni argues, began to change
during the 1950s. Dwight Eisenhower's vice president, Richard Nixon,
transformed the office. Meeting with heads of state and serving as acting
president twice when Ike was...

Kathleen Sylvester, in Governing (April 1988), 1414 22nd St. N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20037.
The 200,000-member Navajo tribe in Arizona owns 16 million acres. Its Tribal Council manages a $209 million budget. Yet the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), which oversees the nation's 507 recognized tribes of Indians and Alaska natives, rules on such matters as cutting trees and the leasing of property on the reservation. Navajo police cannot investigate rapes and 17 other "major crimesu-these are under...

Kathleen Sylvester, in Governing (April 1988), 1414 22nd St. N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20037.
The 200,000-member Navajo tribe in Arizona owns 16 million acres. Its Tribal Council manages a $209 million budget. Yet the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), which oversees the nation's 507 recognized tribes of Indians and Alaska natives, rules on such matters as cutting trees and the leasing of property on the reservation. Navajo police cannot investigate rapes and 17 other "major crimesu-these are under...

IODICALS
FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
whose commitments exceed their armed strength usually experience vigor- ous domestic opposition to any ambitious new foreign policy initiatives.
Since the 1960s, argues Huntington, director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs, the United States has suffered from a "Lippmann gapw-its responsibilities extend beyond its military reach. For example, the Carter Doctrine of 1980, which committed Washington to keeping the Persian Gulf area free of...

Captain Douglas K. Zimrnerman, U.S.
Army, Military Review, (Feb. 1988)
USACGSC, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027-
6910.
The U.S. Army, for more than a decade, has been trying to put more active duty soldiers in combat units, fewer in rear-echelon supply and maintenance outfits-"more tooth, less tail."
Captain Zimrnerman, a systems analyst, argues that this policy-cou- pled with low reserves of men and materiel and unrealistic Pentagon mobi- lization plans-has made it unlikely that...

almost two-thirds, sharply curbing promotions from within. Ca- reer paths will increasingly lead from firm to firm, both for the would-be bosses and the specialists, who may seek to move to a larger or more prestigious employer even without a gain in rank. As Drucker notes, while "bassoonists presumably neither want nor expect to be anything but bas- soonists," they might aspire to play for a better orchestra.
Stnpp.hgGenes "Biotechnology and the Regulation Hydra" Peter W....

"Air Safety, Deregulation, and Public Policy" by
Steven A. Morrison and Clifford Winston, in The
BrookingsReview (Winter 1988),Brookings In-
stitution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Wash-
ington, D.C. 20036.
In 1978, Congress stripped away the comfortable regulatory cocoon within which U.S. airlines had operated for 40 years. Decisions on "economic" matters (routes, fares, launching new carriers), long made the Civil Aeronautics Board, were left to the executives in the...

Horst H. Stipp, in
American Demographics (Feb. 1988), 108 North Cayuga St., Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.
Advertisers are slowly discovering an untapped market: pre-teens.
Stipp, director of social research at NBC, reports that U.S. children "buy and influence" many more products than advertisers (and parents) suspect. According to James McNeal, author of Children as Consumers (1987), the average weekly allowance for four- to 12-year-olds is $3 a week, or $157 a year. Thus, the more than 20 don...

"Black Demographics" Karl Zinsmeister, in
Even Divided Public Ooiniott (Jan.-Feb. 1988), American En-
terprise Institute, 1150 17th St. N.W., Washmg-
ton, D.C. 20036.
Twenty years ago, a presidential commission chaired by Illinois governor Otto Kerner warned that, among other things, the U.S. black population was dividing into a "small but steadily increasing Negro middle class" and a larger number of riot-prone "have-nots" who were "stagnating econorni-...

Allan M. Brandt, in Science (Jan. 22, 1988), 1333 H St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, which has so far afflicted about one in 4,200 Americans, is not the first sexually transmitted disease to become a major national worry. During the late 1800s, about one in 10 citizens had syphilis. Its story, says Brandt, associate professor of social medicine at Harvard, offers an "important analog" to the AIDS drama.
Syphilis was feared both as a disease (often...

300 A.D. the camel caravan's superi- ority in long-haul work was established. A new "north Arabian saddle" raised the camel's peak load to 500 Ibs., making the typical string of 12 animals, tended one or two men, more efficient than any wagon. Fig- ures in the Emperor Diocletian's Edict on Prices (301 A.D.) suggest that camels cost 20 percent less to maintain than horse- or donkey-drawn carts.
Whatever the terrain, the long-limbed animals could move 20 miles in a six-hour traveling day...

others was considered theft, it was made an act of religious merit for people to subsidize "caravanserais" where camel drivers could tarry up to three days and get free shelter, food, and fodder. Asia Minor alone had 1,100 such "truck stops." One merchant's notes for a 79-day trip in 1581-82 showed his transport costs to be no more than three percent of the sale price of his goods; his ex- penses for customs and "protection" were higher.
Still vital even after 1300,...

their students' "miraculous" ability to listen-and to learn.

PRESS & TELEVISION
"Securing the Middle Ground: Reporter Formu-
las in 60 Minutes1' Richard Campbell, in
Critical Studies in Mass Communication
(Dec. 1987), Speech Communication Associa- tion, 5105 Backlick Rd., handale, Va. 22003.
Now 20 years old, 60 Minutes is the longest-running and most popular prime-time news program in U.S. television history. Why? Creator Don Hewitt's prophecy that a documentary series tha...

Betty Houchin Winfield, in Journalism Quarterly (Winter 1987), School of Journalism, Univ. of S.C., 1621 College St., Columbia, S.C. 29208.
Sixty years ago, most U.S. journalists preferred to report the "facts" with- out explanation. They focused on what, where, and when.
But that changed during the 1930s. Those years of swift change, pro- pelled the Depression and the New Deal, brought "interpretative" jour- nalism-dealing with why and how-into fashion. Time (est. 1923) and...

any other president. He routinely invited them to official banquets, and faithfully attended such Washington press fixtures as the White House Correspondents' Dinner and the annual Gridiron evening. Newsmen felt welcome to form clubs at which they could banter with Roosevelt and his aides: The "J. Russell Young School of Expression" was a yearly gathering, inspired the Civilian Conservation Corps, where White House staffers and reporters met to plant trees, make daisy chains, and sing...

married couples, he also stressed that "the sins of the flesh" were far more venial than "the pleasures of power, of hatred." Unhke some fundamentalists, he emphasized that Christians could learn from other religions, and Jesus could save "those who have not explicitly accepted Him in this life.'
Lewis's Christian apologetics were of two kinds. His essays, among them Mere Christianity (1952) and The Problem of Pain (1940), were a systematic guide to Christian faith and...

Richard
B. Kaner and Alan G. MacDiannid, in Scientific American (Feb. 1988), 415 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y.10017.
During the early 1970s, a student at the Tokyo Institute of Technology erred in an attempt to synthesize a polymer called polyacetylene. He used 1,000 times more catalyst than he was supposed to.
The result was a new land of plastic, a silvery film that looked like aluminum foil, stretched like Saran Wrap, and overturned an idea that had persisted since such synthetics were introduced...

Law-rence Martin, in The Sciences (Mar.-Apr. 1988), New York Academy of Sciences, 2 East 63rd St., New York, N.Y. 10021.
In Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin embraced a view, first pro- posed his staunch defender, T. H. Huxley, that the closest relative to man on the evolutionary tree "is either the Chimpanzee or the Gorilla."
For a hundred years, many scientists questioned this closeness. Martin, an anthropologist at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, shows that in recent...

IODICALS

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
But Pilgrim, like all students of evolution in his day, believed that the best way to judge how closely species were related was to consider all their physical similarities. This view changed during the 1960s, when West Germany's Willi Hennig argued that only similarities that linked species to a common ancestor-"shared derived" characteristics-mattered. Horses, zebras, and rhinoceroses all belong to the order Perissodactyla because they have fewer t...

Jonathan Harwood, in Isis (Sept.
1987), Univ. of Pa., 215 South 34th St., Phila-
delphia, Pa. 19104-6303.
Do different nations have different "styles" of conducting scientific re- search? Harwood, a historian at Britain's University of Manchester, be- lieves that "national styles" emerged long ago. His case in point: a com- parison of German and American geneticists.
Characteristically, Harwood says, they used the 1900 rediscovery of the papers of botanist Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)...

David
Vacation ~trauss, in American Quarterly (Summer
1987), 303 College Hall, Univ. of Pa., Philadel-
phia, Pa. 19104-6303.
When vacationing Americans go camping or mountaineering, or otherwise answer the call of the wild, they follow a trail first blazed liberal New England Protestant ministers of the 19th century.
Before the 1850s, the "vacation" was an upper-class indulgence, for Southern planters and Northern merchants who could afford summer ref- uges such as Newport, Rhode...

Daniel Mazmanian and David Morell, in The Public Interest (Winter 1988), 1112 16th St. N.W., Ste. 545, Washington, D.C. 20036.
During the past decade, government controls on the storage and disposal of toxic waste have greatly tightened. Each fresh discovery of an aban- doned hazardous-materials dump brings more stringent regulation the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its state counterparts.
But "few if any" of their remedies have really worked, say Mazmanian, a professor at...

Daniel Mazmanian and David Morell, in The Public Interest (Winter 1988), 1112 16th St. N.W., Ste. 545, Washington, D.C. 20036.
During the past decade, government controls on the storage and disposal of toxic waste have greatly tightened. Each fresh discovery of an aban- doned hazardous-materials dump brings more stringent regulation the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its state counterparts.
But "few if any" of their remedies have really worked, say Mazmanian, a professor at...

processes as wondrous as Houdi- ni's escape from a straitjacket.
The reckless range of Sturges's films, including The Miracle of Mor- gan's Creek (1944) and Unfaithfully Yours (1948), exhausted the screw- ball comedy form. Sturges's great works, Garis observes, "made his ca- reer the [genre's] appropriate finale." Later directors, such as Peter Bogdanovich in What's Up, Doc? (1972) or Ted Kotcheff in Switching Channels (1988), attempted, but failed, to revive the genre.
Ideologies "Infinite...

Pe-
Translating Homer ter Jones, in Encounter (Jan. 1988),44 Great
Windmill St., London W1V 7PA, United King-
dom.
The Roman statesman Cato the Elder (234-149 B.c.) counseled young orators: rem tene, verba sequenturÃ?â??6'Kee a grip on the argument, and the words will follow." Jones, a senior lecturer in classics at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, agrees with Cato's advice. Translators, he argues, should conserve each sentence in the original text.
A translation...

Soviet unemployment, according to The Economist, takes three forms. Some is "frictional"; at any time, two percent of all Soviet workers are moving to new jobs. Another one percent are "parasites," those who lack formal employment-vagabonds, black marketeers, and dissidents. (Poet Joseph Brodsky, the 1987 Nobel laureate, was once classed as a parasite.)
But the biggest problem is "hidden unemployment." There are un- counted millions of Soviets who have jobs but produce...

John P.

Bums, in Problems of Communism (Sept.-Oct.
19871, U.S. Information Agency, 301 4th St.
S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547.
In the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exercises power through the nomenklatura (nomenclature), the patronage system under which the Po- litburo directly controls key positions in most political, governmental, so- cial, and cultural organizations. However, all Communist states use such a system. In China, says Bums, a political scientist at the University of Hong Kong, t...

Jawaharlal Nehru) who ruled India after independence from Britain in 1947 believed that centralized planning and curbs on corporations were the keys to economic develop- ment. Led family-owned "business houses" (such as the Tatas of Bom- bay and the Birlas of Calcutta) descended from old trading firms, India's industrialists accepted Nehru's socialist restrictions rather than risk na- tionalization under a more radical regime. They chose to gain influence through massive campaign contributions...

public agencies and private institutions

"Abortion and Divorce in Western Law."
Harvard Univ. Press, 79 Garden St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138. 197 pp. $25.
Author: Mary Ann Glendon
Until two decades ago, most Western na-
tions imposed tight restrictions on the ter-
mination of both marriages and pregnan-
cies. Abortion was allowed only if the
mother's life was in danger; divorces were
usually granted the courts only on
grounds of "marital offenses"-cruelty,
adultery, o...

by Forrest C. Pogue
Viking, 1987
603 pp. $29.95

by David Tracy
Harper, 1987
148 pp. $15.95

by Roy Porter
Harvard, 1987
412 pp. $38.50

by I.F. Stone
Little, Brown, 1988
282 pp. $18.95

by Richard Nelson Current
Oxford, 1988
475 pp. $24.95

by John Keegan
Viking, 1987
368 pp. $18.95

by Leonard A. Sagan
Basic, 1987
233 pp. $19.95

by James M. Buchanan
ompiled by Robert D. Tollison
nd Viktor J. Vanberg
Texas A & M, 1988
13 pp. $48.50

by Chinua Achebe
Doubleday, 1988
216 pp. $16.95

by Brendan Gill
Putnarn's, 1987
544 pp. $24.95

by Colin Renfrew
Cambridge, 1988
346 pp. $29.95

by A. Zee
Macrnillan, 1987
322 pp. $25