In Essence

Classical art, so prevalent in early American motifs, did not point to revolutionary ideology, but, says a Stanford historian, "was reinvented to suit the ends of a new political program."

Appreciating the poet E. E. Cummings, whose typographically experimental work exists almost entirely on the printed page and is rarely recited.

A new set of history textbooks endorsed by Japan's Ministiry of Education has created a storm of controversy over the country's view of its wartime past.

The Dutch seem to have pulled off a miraculous solution to the conundrum of the aging welfare state.

On the short list of states that still cling to communism, one country is often overlooked: Laos.

“The Edge Annual Question—2005: What Do You Believe Is True Even Though You Cannot Prove It?” in Edge (Jan. 4, 2005), www.edge.org.

“Hyperownership in a Time of Biotechnological Promise: The International Conflict to Control the Building Blocks of Life” by Sabrina Safrin, in The American Journal of International Law (Oct. 2004), The American Society of International Law, 2223 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008.

“Critical Thinking about Energy: The Case for Decentralized Generation of Electricity” by Thomas R. Casten and Brennan Downes, in Skeptical Inquirer (Jan.–Feb. 2005), 944 Deer Dr., N.E., Albuquerque, N.M. 87122.

“Red-Hot MoMA” by Charles Rosen and Henri Zerner, in The New York Review of Books (Jan. 13, 2005), 1755 Broadway, 5th fl., New York, N.Y. 10019–3780.

“Conrad’s Latin America” by Mark Falcoff, in The New Criterion (Jan. 2005), 900 Broadway, Ste. 602, New York, N.Y. 10003.

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