a Demo- cratic Congress unwilling to approve U.S. intervention in Third World conflicts and divided public opinion, neither he nor Presidents Nixon and Ford found ways to parry Moscow's Third World thrusts. They bequeathed to President Carter "a Soviet policy in pieces."
Even before Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan last December, Soviet-Cuban intervention in the Horn of Africa and Vietnam's Soviet- backed occupation of Cambodia had angered Washington. The Soviets complained about U.S....
Lawrence J. Korb, in Society (July-August Joint Chiefs? 1980),BOX A, ~utgers- he State Univer-
sity, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903.
The U.S. military's Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) have greater "potential power" than ever before, writes Korb, a professor of management at the Naval War,College. But, he argues, the JCS faces increasing threats of White House political manipulation.
The five-man JCS was established Congress in 1947 to serve as the top source of military advice to the President,...
William K. Hall, in Harvard in Business Business Review (Sept.-Oct. 1980), Sub-scription Service Dept., P.O. Box 9730, ~reenwich,Conn. 06835.
The U.S. tire industry is losing out to foreign competition, but Goodyear has rolled up respectable annual revenue gains of 10 percent since 1975. Though the American cigarette market has stagnated since 1950, Philip-Morris's 20 percent annual revenue growth since 1975 has eclipsed IBM's nearly 8 percentage points.
These success stories show that the right...
John Sharpless and
of kinism John Rury, in Social Science History (Au-tumn 1980), Sage Publications, Inc., 275 South Beverly Dr., Beverly Hills,Calif. 90212.
In the small, dirty garment lofts, cigar factories, and other sweatshops of early 20th-century America, women frequently worked 12-hour days for as little as 10 cents an hour. But few factory women-most of whom were first- and second-generation European immigrants-were promis-ing candidates for union membership, relate Sharpless and Rury,...
preaching assertiveness. Their meetings resem- bled tea parties and made lower-class women feel out of place.
Eventually, the feminists gave up and turned their attention almost exclusively to suffrage. As historian Alice Kessler-Harris notes, immi- grant women laborers were left "between a trade union movement hostile to women . . . and a women's movement whose participants did not work for wages."
Raising "Gasoline Taxation in Selected OECD
Countries, 1970-79" Alan A. Tait...
Haitung King and Frances B. Locke, in Interna-
in America tional Migration Review (Spring 1980), Center for Migration Studies, 209 Flagg PI., Staten Island, N.Y. 10304.
During America's frontier boom from 1850 to 1880, the sight of pig- tailed Chinese men panning northern California's streams for gold be- came common. Yet, beginning in the 1870s, opportunities for immi- grant Chinese in the New World narrowed, and their descendants are still underrepresented in some white-collar occupations.
During...
1970, the proportion of Chinese working in personal services had plummeted to 7.1 percent (still higher than the 2.3 percent figure for whites). Chinese employed in manufacturing more than doubled, from 7.6 to 17.3 percent. And the proportion of professionals jumped from 2.2 to 21.2 percent, surpassing the figure of 17 percent for working whites. Today, higher percentages of Chinese men hold college degrees than do white or black males.
Chinese are still overrepresented in some fields. In 1970,83...
1978.
From 1972 to 1978, Jews held the most "liberal" views on abortion, Catholics the most "conservative." Whereas 90 percent of Jews consist- ently approved abortion under any circumstances, between 13 and 20 percent of Catholics thought abortion was never justified. Protestant attitudes fell in between. Respondents under 30 years old consistently supported abortion on demand between 1972 and 1978.
College-educated persons held more liberal attitudes than in- dividuals with...
the black estab- lishment (notably the National Urban League). They respond that to- day's black leaders, largely from middle-class backgrounds, have mis- gauged the real needs of the lower-class black majority.
PRESS & TELEVISION
Watching "The Media at Mid-Year: A Bad Year for
McLuhanites" Michael Robinson, in the Primaries Public Opinion (June-~uly 1980), Circula- tion Dept., c/o AEI, 1150 17th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
If you relied solely on CBS-TV for news of the 198...
Robinson. Anderson came in third with 28 percent. Carter, however, received 13 more personality knocks than plaudits, and Rea- gan 3 more. Senator Edward M. Kennedy's personality plaudits bal- anced out the gibes, as was the case with GOP contenders John Con- nally, Philip Crane, and Robert Dole, and Democrat Jerry Brown. Re- publican Senator Howard Baker came out slightly behind. Only Ander- son consistently came out ahead.
Robinson speculates that liberal, articulate reporters instinctively warmed...