Gertrude Himmel-farb, in Commentary (Apr. 1985), 165 East 56th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
For Lenin, Trotsky, and Mao, there was only one Karl Marx. But since the 1930s, when scholars unearthed Marx's early writings, many Western in- tellectuals have suggested that real Marxism has "a human face."
The new Marxism is based not on the materialistic Das Kapital(1867) but on Marx's earlier writings on alienation and other themes. Meanwhile, writes Himmelfarb, a City University historian,...
history."
"Raymond Aron and the History of the Raymond Aron: Twentieth Centurv" bv Pierre Hassner. in
< "
International Studies Quarterly (~ar.
The Ethics of 1985), Butterworth Scientific Ltd, West-
bury House, P.O. Box 63, Guildford GU2 Responsibility 5BH, England; "Raymond Aron" Ed- ward Shils, in The American Scholar (Spring 1985), 181 1 Q St. N.W., Washing- ton, D.C. 20009.
Rarely do those who interpret history become historical figures them- selves. Edward...
"a readiness to accept disagreeable truths." He wrote about the Common Market, Soviet totalitarianism, the thought of Nietzsche and Lenin.
Hassner believes that a quotation from the 17th-century mathemati- cian Blaise Pascal best sums up Aron: "Greatness is not displayed standing at one extremity, but rather by touching both ends at once and filling all the space between."
"Critical Thinking and Obedience to Au- uestio&g thority" by John Sabini and Maury Sil-...
Stephen Educating Snails S. Hall, in Science 85 (May 1985), 1101
Vermont Ave. N.W., 10th Floor, Washing-
ton, D.C. 20005.
Snails are a delicacy to some, a slimy nuisance to others. But to two American scientists, these mollusks are providing tantalizing clues to the mystery of human thought and memory.
Daniel Alkon, of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass., has devoted most of his career to studying snails, specifically the genus Hermissenda, writes Hall, a Science 85contributing...
John P. McKelvey, in
And Scientists TechnologyReview (Jan. 1985), Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, Bldg. lo., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
Scientists and technologists have lived off each other's creations for centuries. But scientists always seem to get the credit. McKelvey, a physics professor at Clemson University, maintains that technologists have unfairly been pushed to the back seat, that they have furthered scientific progress no less than have scientists themselves.
Hans Christian...
boiling it in water and distilling the oils. He called the liquid "allyl" (from Allium sativum, garlic's botanical name). One hundred years later, Chester J. Cavallito in Rensselaer, N.Y., soaked garlic in ethyl alcohol and came up with a colorless, smelly liquid called allicin. Fur- ther experiments showed that allicin killed certain fungi and bacte- ria, sometimes faster than penicillin.
The WilsonQuarterlyIAutumn 1985
31
PERIODICALS
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
But the original ques...
Wil- Confessions of liam D. Ruckelshaus, in Issues in Science and Technology (Spring 1985), 2101 Con-An EPA Man stitution Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C.
"Think globally and act locally," scientist Rene Dubos once advised environmentalists. Ruckelshaus, who headed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) from 1970 to 1973 and again from 1983 to 1985, wholeheartedly agrees.
At first, Ruckelshaus recalls, the EPA aimed, grandly, to harmonize industry with nature. Congress created the...
weighing the costs and benefits of regulations for industry, workers, and the public. These cold, analytical methods dismay many Ameri- cans. Industry leaders and some scientists, on the other hand, argue that scientific knowledge has not advanced far enough to make firm judgments possible.
Ruckelshaus would alter the EPA's role, leaving it with the power to set broad national pollution standards that would be applied local government. That would reduce the dangers of excessive, abstract regulations...
the absence of radioactive iodine in the en- vironment surrounding the stricken nuclear plant. Previous meltdown models predicted the formation of an iodine vapor cloud, which is po- tentially fatal and difficult to contain. However, as Norman notes, "it is now widely accepted within the nuclear research community that the chemistry underlying the earlier predictions was faulty."
Studies of TMI the American Nuclear Society (ANS), the Industry Degraded Core Rule-making Program (IDCOR),...