in two decades that were free of fraud.
The elections brought to power Mario Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo, 43, the leader of the Christian Democratic Party. He is only the third civilian chief that Guatemala has had since socialist Jhcobo Arbenz GuzrnAn was over- thrown, with U.S:-help, in 1954. If Cerezo is to survive his five-year term, writes Perera, a teacher of writing at the University of California, Santa Cruz, he "will need qualities of political judgment and courage well beyond those...
Chalmers Johnson, in Asian Survey (May 1986), Univ. of California Press, ~erkeley, Calif. 94720.
For Nakasone Yasuhiro, Japan's prime minister since 1982, as for his predecessors, defense policy is a delicate matter. Too little military spend- ing sparks U.S. complaints that Japan is getting a "free ride" on defense. Too much triggers charges of "revived militarism" at home and reminds Japan's neighbors of their harsh wartime experiences.
Johnson, a political scientist at the...
public agencies and private institutions
"National Service: WhatWogld It Mean?"
Lexington Books, 125 Spring St., ~exingon, Mass. 02173. 307 pp. $16.
Authors: Richard Danzig and Peter Szanton.
"Compulsory national servicem-an idea that has come and gone many times in re- cent U.S. history-is seeing a revival.
A recent Gallup poll found 65 percent approval of a program in which young peo- ple would serve their country-either in the military or a public service agency- for at...
Anthony James Joes, in Presidential AT^^^ Like Ike Studies Quarterly (Summer 1985), 208 East 75th St., New York, N.Y. 10021.
Few Chief Executives have fared so poorly among scholars of the presi- clency as Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-61). Only two years after he left office, a poll of historians ranked him 20th in stature among U.S. presi- dents-tied with Chester A. Arthur (1881-85).
But the scholarly rehabilitation of Ike is now under way. Indeed, accorcl- ing to Joes, professor of politics at...
the Great Society, the Vietnam War, and the Watergate scandal, Eisenhower's low-key emphasis on "seeking consensus behind limited aims" seems more attrac- tive to both scholars and the general public.
Democrats Divided "The New Class in Massachusetts: Politics in a Technocratic Society" bv Philip Davies and John Kenneth white, injournal ofAmerican Studies (Aug. 1985), Cambridge University Press, 32 East 57th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
America's Democratic Party is a house...
IODICALS
POLITICS & GOVERNMENT
D1m7ig the 1978 ilfaxsa- chsetts gubernatorial election, many "New Class" Democrats were so c/~senchantedwiththeir
party's unabashedly con- servative candidate, Ed-irard J King, that they 1 voted /<epublican But in 1982, after ~Wic/~ael
Dzika kis (left) beat King in the prm-iaq', these voters swung hack into the Democratic camp
leges and universities, these liberal-minded "New Class" Democrats ac- quired considerable political wei...
tryingto decipher the "intentions" of the First Amendment's authors. The Founding Fathers "could not have fore- seen" the switch from "private, sectarian schools" to a public system cle- signed to educate most of the nation's youth. Nor could they have predicted "the new threats" posed today's "politically involved" evangelists.
Justices and legal scholars have always regarded the language of the First Amendment-which Thomas Jefferson said in 1802...
1983, 72 of the 132 legislators in Madison called politics their only livelihood. All told, Rosenthal estimates that almost "one-third of the na- tion's legislatures are . . . in the hands of full-timers." Only in the less popu- lous states (Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ver-mont, and Wyoming) do "part-time citizens" still occupy most state house and senate seats, and their numbers are declining.
Increasing demands on state legislators' time is one reason...
1968, Moscow could overlook U.S. protests ancl assert itself in Czechoslovakia- or, later, in Afghanistan (1979) and Poland (1981). The decline ofhesican power vis-a-vis the Soviets also meant that the United States would be "tested" more often smaller nations such as Iran and Nicaragua.
American responses to such "tests" have been hamstrung by a lack of domestic consensus on what U.S. interests are ancl how they can best be defended. Furthermore, the trauma of the 1965-1973...
IODICALS
FOREIGN POLICY & DEFENSE
respectively, war with the Soviet Union remains the Navy's "most clemand- ins, and important contingency"-though it is also the "least likely." They argue that in today's world of limited conflicts ("violent peace") more emphasis should be given to the use of (less expensive, less vulnerable) non-carrier surface ships to gather intelligence, demonstrate support for allies, and provide a U.S. military presence in trouble spots s...