subscriptions only, ridiculed Washing- ton's "soulless" materialism. Du Bois's philosophy was simple: "If you are going to take up the wrongs of your race, then you must depend for support absolutely upon your race."
Du Bois's success, the authors conclude, spurred the establishment in 1911 of Crisis convincing the rest of the NAACP leadership that a black journal could attract and retain a large readership while remain- ing independent of white financing or influence.
"Do...