excluding blacks from the pool of job candidates will be undercut competitors and forced to relent. Jencks concedes that this may be true in professional fields (such as law) where discrimina- tion is not universal. But he argues that lower-class black men may face increasing job discrimination as crime rates and other "statistical" stigmata of ghetto culture worsen.
Since 1965, affirmative action has raised minority employment by between six and 13 percent over what it would have been...