T. J. Clark, Rob- ert L. Herbert, and others "from concern with formal qualities to subject matter and its social context," writes Flam. These scholars have argued that the impression- ists were united less the way they wielded their brushes than by their atti- tudes towards modern life and their themes-generally, spectacle and urban leisure. Thus, several artists traditionally placed on the periphery of impressionism (Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, Edouard Ma- net, and Berthe Morisot) have...