leaders of Indian organizations; they have largely abandoned the violent takeovers and sit-ins epitomized the 1973 siege at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Most Indian spokes- men assert that their broader goal is to maintain a distinct "Indian way of life." Yet how to do so is a matter of deep disagreement. How isolated from America's larger society can Indians afford to remain? How much development of the natural resources on Indian reservations should be permitted? Members of the na- tion's...
America's Indians, the U.S. Supreme Court has become a major source of redress. During the last term alone, the Justices handed down seven rulings in cases involving the country's old- est ethnic group; at issue were land claims, fishing rights, and mineral leases. The upsurge in Indian litigation signals a change in tactics by leaders of Indian organizations; they have largely abandoned the violent takeovers and sit-ins epitomized by the 1973 siege at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Most Indian spokes-...
1920, auto registrations had jumped to eight million, one car for every 13 Americans.
WQ WINTER 1986
46
One hundred years ago, Germany's Carl Friedrich Benz patented an odd-looking three-wheeled vehicle powered a tiny gasoline engine. Most scholars agree that the Benz was the world's first automobile with a workable internal-combustion engine. Henry Ford's Model T came 22 years later. Starting before the First World War, the automobile would transform the United States, spawning a giant industry...
December 28, 1890, near the Badlands of South Dakota, a band of exhausted Sioux Indians, including perhaps 100 war- riors and some 250 women and children, surrendered to the blue-clad troopers of the U.S. Seventh Cavalry and agreed to travel with them to the Indian agency at Pine Ridge. The joint party camped that night in freezing weather at Wounded Knee Creek, 20 miles from Pine Ridge. Surrounding the Indian tepees were nearly 500 soldiers and a battery of four Hotchkiss light artillery pieces.
The...
co~~versio~l
of these SOLI~S." A cellt~1l-y later, the Hopis w0~11d spw-n the Mexicans as they 1~x1sp~lr~~ed The Americals stoly. 111
the Spa~lisl~. were a~lotl~er 1850, followi~~g
the U~litecl Srates' victo~y in the war wit11 Mexico, the Hopis establisl~ed relatio~~s wit11 the federal govesnn1ent. Wl~y?A relatively pcifist people, they faced fseq~ient raids by the stronger and lnore aggressive Namllos. They welco~ned effosts by the U.S.cav~11-y ~~eigl~bors.
to subdue their 130werf~il U...
1907, when Edward Penfield painted this Manhattan scene, only 140,300 Ameri- cans had the inclination (and the money) to own a car. By 1920, auto registrations had jumped to eight million, one car for every 13 Americans.
WQ WINTER 1986
46
One hundred years ago, Germany's Carl Friedrich Benz patented an odd-looking three-wheeled vehicle powered by a tiny gasoline engine. Most scholars agree that the Benz was the world's first automobile with a workable internal-combustion engine. Henry Ford's...
all Americans.
The Native American Renais- sance,to borrow the title of Kenneth Lincoln's study (Univ. of Calif., 1983), has been aborning for some time, helped along a new generation of college-educated Indians.
An essential bridge from spoken to written language was provided half a century ago in South Dakota by Black Elk, the Oglala Sioux prophet (1863- 1950), and by his tireless interlocutor, the late John G. Neihardt, the Nebraska poet and scholar who took down Black Elk's words.
"Always...
1913, Scribner's Magazine was predicting that cars would bring "greater liberty, greater fruitfulness of time and effort, brighter glimpses of the wide and beautiful world," and "more health and happiness.. . . Thank God we live in the era of the motor car!"
More than any other people, Americans would embrace the automobile. Not just transportation, it became for many a status sym- bol, an alter ego, a key to personal autonomy. Cars crept into song ("Nothin' outrun my V-8...
INGWAY
I2oi1g lbefore his suicide in 1961, Ernest Miller Hemingway had be- come the subject of a sizable scholarly/journalistic enterprise. His death, however, gave the Heminqway "industry" new direction and added impetus: Why, biographers asked, had the great novelist taken his own life? Two of the more extensive explanations were offered by
A. E. IHotcl~ner{Papa Hemingway, 1966) and Carlos Baker (Enzest Hemingway:A Life St0?-jl,1969). Curiosity about Hemingway waned during the 1970s,...
rail but makes an acquaint- ance; he who runs road makes a friend-or sometimes an enemy; he at least gets intimate."
Despite his dark side (he dabbled in anti-Semitism), Ford, the visionary tin-kerer who was wont to pick up a hitch- hiker and give him a job, remains the most compelling automaker of them all. "It was useless to try to understand Henry Ford," wrote Charles E. ("Cast Iron Charlie") Sorensen in My Forty Years with Ford (Collier, 1962). "One had to sense...