all Muslims through- out their 1400-year-old history: Who is the rightful ruler of an Islamic state? What constitutes a proper state and soci- ety under Islam? And, indeed, is there one and only one correct conception of state, society, and leadership under Is- lam? The questions are far from aca-demic. To many of the one billion Mus- lims living today, they are often matters of life or death.
Our contributors here offer three ap- proaches to the ongoing Islamic debate. Bernard Lewis considers...