took on a peculiar character, distinguishing them from both their European and Asian imperial forms.
In contrast to India, many parts of Africa became colonies of white settlement. This meant that the settlers had to define themselves as natural and undisputed masters of vast numbers of Africans. They drew upon the freshly minted European tradi- tions both to define and to justify their roles, and also to provide models of subservience into which it was possible to draw Afri- cans. In Africa,...