the same hunters who roamed France and northern Spain after the Ice Age. The first settlers appear to have come from Andalusia after 4000 B.C.
Sailing west out of the Mediterra- nean, Phoenician traders set foot on Portugal's shores after 1000 B.C. Later, Celtic farmers and herders moved south from France to the green northwest. They turned some of the hilltop castros (forts) they built, or found, into walled cities.
When the Romans, having bested the Carthaginians in Africa and Spain, entered...