The scientists known to the Ameri- can public today are not inventors like Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and the others who be- came famous in the 19th century for technological innovations. Nor are they discoverers of new principles, like the 20th century's Albert Ein- stein. They are not leaders of the sci- entific community who have served as spokesmen in high places-such as Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert Millikan after World War I and electrical engineer Vannevar Bush after W...