refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1953, Truman also established precedent for the "ex-executive privi- lege" later invoked Richard Nixon.
Truman threw most of his energies into party politics, and here the limits of his influence are most evident. He worked hard for his party's presidential candidates-Stevenson, in 1956, and Kennedy in 1960. But before their nominations, he tried in vain to rally support for his favorites-Averell Harriman and Stuart...
Richard Ned Lebow, in Political Science Quarterly (Summer 1982), 2852 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10025-0148.
Calculating how many weapons were needed to maintain nuclear de- terrence was a simple matter when the United States enjoyed a clear military edge over the Soviet Union. But today, writes Lebow, professor of international relations at Johns Hopkins, the issue is far more murky. And U.S. military planners may be overstating our needs.
A key consideration is the U.S. "residual" force-how...
hillside, then air strikes were launched. No attempt was made to pro- tect civilians in the area. Finally, a platoon of soldiers moved out through the scrub to try to outflank the enemy. Was the commander right to use such heavy firepower to protect the lives of his soldiers?
In both Korea and Vietnam, U.S. commanders, trying to get at a hidden foe while keeping U.S. casualties to a minimum, often ordered massive bombardments-despite the increased risk to civilians. Dubik, an Army captain, weighs...
Stephen
Human Rights B. Cohen, in American Journal of Interna-
tional Law (Apt-. 1982), 2223 �£assachu
setts Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008.
Despite President Carter's personal commitment to human rights, his administration was surprisingly cautious in denying arms transfers to regimes considered to be repressive. Cohen, a Georgetown University law professor, contends that executive branch "bureaucratic warfare" during the Carter years kept military aid flowing...
Paul F.Boller, Jr., in Inter-Backed the Bomb national social Science Review (Winter
19821, 1717 Ames St., Winfield, Kans. 67156.
Did America drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 mainly to defeat Japan or to daunt its future rival, the Soviet Union?
Since the publication of Gar Alperovitz's revisionist Atomic Diplo- macy: Hiroshima and Potsdam, in 1965, the conventional wisdom among American radical intellectuals has been that the bombings were unnecessary and immoral, staged chiefly...
Peter Navarro, in Harvayd
Outthe .L&~s? Business Review (May-June 19821, Sub- scription Service Dept., P.O. Box 3000, woburn. Mass. 01888:
Since the late 19th century, regulated utility companies have helped foster American economic growth with abundant, relatively cheap elec- tricity. However, because the industry is starving for new capital, those happy days may soon be over.
Until the early 1970s, the low costs of capital and fuel allowed the industry to expand rapidly, holding down expenses...
Michael J. Piore, in Challenge (Mar.-~~;.1982), 80 Business Park D;., Armonk. N.Y. 10504.
American unions have claimed a shrinking share of the labor force since the 1960s, thanks largely to the rapid growth of new, hard-to-organize service industries. (Only 20 percent of U.S. workers were union mem- bers in 1980 versus 34 percent in 1955.) But now, writes MIT economist Piore, unions are in trouble even in their old power base, the mass- production industries.
After the 1930s, unions guaranteed...
IODICALS
ECONOMICS, LABOR & BUSINESS
Piore notes that high wages are no longer managers' principal objection to unions. Indeed, many are willing to pay even more to avoid unioniza- tion and the attendant rigid job categories.
American labor unions, Piore believes, must adapt to survive. Other- wise, corporations seeking to expand and revitalize their mass produc- tion operations will be forced to relocate their plants overseas. And if, as seems more likely, small domestic markets become c...
Jordan D. Lewis, in Science (Mar. 5, 1982), 1515 Massachu- setts Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.
America's vaunted technological and economic superiority may be in jeopardy, thanks to shortsighted corporate leadership, excessive labor-management,strife, and an overgrowth of litigation. These sur- face defects, says Lewis, a Senior Fellow at the Wharton School of Business, suggest underlying U.S. character flaws: too much conflict, too little trust.
The United States leads in corporate R &...
for Football Ronald A. Smith, in Journal of Sport His-
tory (Winter 1981), North American Soci- ety for Sport History, 101 White Building, Pennsylvania State University, Univer- sity Park, Pa. 16802.
Scandal is nothing new to U.S. college football. At the turn of the century, students, who then ran the sport, paid players' tuitions out of game receipts and winked at excessive violence on the field. Smith, a professor of physical education at Pennsylvania State University, tells how football nearly...